Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug "thov yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj"

Feeb nws yog lam xav hais tias cov founders ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm geometry yog Greeks, uas borrowed los ntawm cov Iyi tus muaj peev xwm mus ntsuas qhov tagnrho cov sib txawv lub cev thiab lub ntiaj teb. Cov ancient Egyptians, qhov chaw kawm cov kev cai lij choj tshaj lub sij hawm, ua tus thawj demonstrative tej hauj lwm. Lawv tso tawm tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm cov zajlus kom paths los ntawm ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov proposals nedokazyvaemyh los yog axioms. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug axiom - ib daim ntawv qhia uas tsis yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj hais tias xws li "thov yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj"? Ua ntej koj yuav to taub qhov no, koj yuav tsum to taub dab tsi yog lub sij hawm rau "pov thawj".

txhais ntawm lub tswvyim

Ntawv pov thawj (ua neeg ncajncees) nruab nrab yog ib zajlus kom tseeb ntawm ib tug txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kom muaj ib txog kev pom zoo los ntawm lwm yam neeg pab leg ntaubntawv uas twb muaj pov thawj ua ntej lawm. Yog li ntawd, thaum koj xav tau los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub taub Tawvv A yog xaiv xws li txiav txim B, C thiab D, uas A raws li nram no raws li ib tug muaj kuab tsim nyog tau.

Pov thawj uas yog siv nyob rau hauv science, yog muaj li ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov lus xaus hais txog txhua lwm yam li hais tias cov kev tshawb nrhiav no yuav tsum yog kawm rau cov emergence ntawm lwm tus, thiab hais txog.

Cov pov thawj yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm tej science txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm daim ntawv thov nyob rau ntawd pov thawj los ntawm cov uas mus nrhiav pov thawj qhov tseeb thiab falsehood ib co lwm yam assertions. Qhov pov thawj pab tau tshem ntawm misconceptions, qhib qhov chaw scientific creativity. Ib tug ntaub ntawv nrog lawv cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub ntau yam neeg pab leg ntaubntawv tej science ua tau los mus txiav txim nws cov zajlus kom qauv.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm ua pov thawj lug siv nyob rau hauv logic thiab kev kawm txog zauv, lawv yog cov kev thaum muaj qhov yuav tsum tau kom paub tias inferences qauv.

kev kawm txog zauv

Rau ntau, to taub qhov no science, zoo li kev kawm txog zauv, cov lus nug tshwm sim hais tias xws li ib daim ntawv qhia, xav tau ntawv pov thawj. Teb ( "avatars" ua tim khawv rau qhov no) - qhov no theorem.

Nws yog ib tug zauv daim ntawv qhia, uas nws veracity twb tau ntsia los ntawm cov pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, lub tswvyim ntawm "theorem" muaj evolved nrog rau cov tswvyim ntawm "zauv pov thawj". Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub axiomatic txoj kev, lub theorem ntawm tej kev tshawb xav yog cov neeg cov nqe lus uas yuav tshwm sim zajlus kom tsuas txoj kev tawm ntawm tej yam yav tas los tsau cov nqe lus, hu ua axioms. Thiab txij li thaum lub axiom yog muaj tseeb tiag, nws yuav tsum muaj tseeb, thiab cov theorem.

Tom ntej no daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj (theorem), uas yog zoo intertwined nrog lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug "zajlus kom tsim nyog tau". Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm, cov zajlus kom txoj kev xav txoj kev svolsya sawv mus rau cov qauv los yog zauv nqe lus uas yog kaw nyob rau lwm lus teem tseg kev cai hais txog tsis mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim thiab rau nws cov daim ntawv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li pov thawj ntawm ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov qauv, txhua yam uas yog axiomatic.

Nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, ib tug theorem daim ntawv los yog yuav tsum muaj pov thawj yog qhov kawg mis nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm qhov tseeb tiag ib ziag no. Qhov no formulation twb tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev siv ntau yam xyuam xim txoj kev. Nws twb tseem pom hais tias lub axiomatic theories, uas yog ib feem ntawm qhov sib txawv ceg ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, yog tsis tag. Yog li ntawd, muaj lus sib liam credence los yog falsity ntawm cov uas nws tsis yooj yim sua los tsim ib tug muaj kuab txoj kev raws li nyob rau axioms. Tej insoluble kev tshawb xav tsis yog ib tug qauv rau kev daws qhov teeb meem.

Yog li, tus thov kev yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv Nws hu ua ib tug theorem.

philosophy

Philosophy yog qhov kev kawm uas kawm lub system ntawm kev paub txog tus yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab kev txawj ntse. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm no taw tes ntawm dab tsi hauv daim ntawv foob yuav tsum tau pov thawj? Teb: "Avatar," hais tias qhov no tswv yim sib cav.

Nws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug philosophical los yog ntuav txoj hauj lwm, ib daim ntawv qhia uas yuav tsum tau muaj pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub sij hawm muaj gained tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb, txij thaum ntawd los, lub notion ntawm "antithesis", uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug inconsistent daim ntawv los yog inference. Ces Kant kos mloog mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog ua tau rau ua contradictory cov nqe lus nrog rau cov tib plausibility. Piv txwv li, nws yog ua tau los ua pov thawj hais tias lub ntiaj teb no yog infinite thiab sawv los ntawm lub caij nyoog, nws yog tsim los ntawm indivisible atoms, nyob rau hauv nws muaj yog txoj kev ywj pheej. Tej nqe lus philosopher sau tseg raws li ib tug txheej ntawm thesis thiab antithesis. Qhov no contradictory daim ntawv yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj, thiab insoluble contradictions, vim lub fact tias lub siab mus tshaj lub peev xwm lub peev xwm ua ntawm tus txiv neej.

Nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm lub tib lub homphiaj ntawm kev xav yog ntaus nqi rau vaj tse, uas nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tsis pom zoo. Yog li, cov Cheebtsam muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb, peb yuav tsum muaj peb lub ntsiab: tej yam kev mob tshwm sim los (ntawv pov thawj) thiab lub tswv yim.

Raws li tag nrho cov no Gegel dialectic txoj kev twb muab tau, raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib tug tswv yim sib cav los ntawm Pov thawj rau synthesis. Nws tau ua ib qho kev ntsuas rau qhov kev siv ntawm metaphysics.

logic

Nyob rau hauv lub logic ntawm daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj, kuj raug xa mus rau raws li lub tswv yim sib cav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws ua raws li ib tug muaj tseeb kev txiav txim uas raug thawb tus nrog sib ntaus, nws yuav tsum nrhiav pov thawj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ntawv pov thawj. Lub tswv yim sib cav yog lub ntsiab keeb ntawm lub cav.

kev cai

Thoob plaws hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cav tswv yim sib cav yuav tsum nyob twj ywm li qub. Yog hais tias tus mob no yog ua txhaum, qhov no ua rau lub fact tias lub ntsiab lus yuav tsis ua pov thawj yuav tsum tau refuted. Ntawm no yog lub chaw ua hauj lwm txhua zaus, "Leej twg yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov pov thawj uas tsis ua pov thawj dab tsi!"

Nco ntsoov ib yam dab tsi lwm tus xav tias lo lus nug no, tus thov kev yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav multi-muaj nuj nqis. Qhov no txoj cai tiv thaiv ib tug txawv txawv txoj hauj lwm thaum nws yog proving. Piv txwv li, heev feem ntau tus neeg hais li ntawd ntau npaum li cas, raws li yog hais tias muaj ntawv pov thawj, tab sis hais tias nws tseem paub tsis meej, raws li nws cov kev sib cav indefinitely. Lub ambiguity ntawm daim ntawv qhia ua rau fruitless kev tsis sib haum, txij thaum txhua ntawm ob tog muaj kev sib txawv ntaus tswv yim ntawm qhov teeb meem no muaj pov thawj.

Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau ntawv pov thawj

Ntau Aristotle, xav tias cov nqe lus nug ntawm ib tug arguable thov, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hom phiaj ntawm syllogisms. Syllogisms muaj xws nqe lus, uas muaj cov lo lus "yuav" los yog "yuav tsum" tsis txhob "yog". Tej nqe lus no yog qhov tseeb tsis txhaum, vim hais tias lawv tej yam kev mob tsis tau muaj pov thawj. Qhov no seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug ntawm lub starting taw tes rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science. Raws li Aristotle, txhua txhua science yuav tsum pib nrog cov nqe lus uas yuav tsis tau pov thawj. Nws hu lawv ua axioms.

axiom

Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau ntawv pov thawj - nws yog ib qho axiom. Nws yog tsis tsim nyog los ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nws tsuas yog tsim nyog los piav qhia hais tias nws yog tseeb. Hais txog axioms, Aristotle xam tau tias yog geometry uas yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm systematization. Mathematics yog thawj science, uas siv cov nqe lus uas yuav tsum tau tsis muaj neeg ncajncees. Ces muaj ib astronomy li mus nrhiav pov thawj rau hauv lub suab ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog tsim nyog mus rau chaw uasi rau zauv. Raws li koj tau pom, science twb hlua li zoo li hierarchy.

Hom ntawm Sciences ntawm Aristotle

Aristotle rau ntawm lub ntsiab hom phiaj muab tso rau pem peb hom Sciences. Theoretical science muab kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub foundations nyob rau hauv uas lawv yog opposed tswvyim. Math ntawm no yog cov prime piv txwv. Lawv kuj muaj xws li cov physics thiab metaphysics.

Tswv yim Sciences yog npaj kom paub los tswj tib neeg tus cwj pwm nyob hauv zej zog. Qhov no yuav muaj xws li, piv txwv li, kev ncajncees.

Kev sciences yog aimed ntawm cov creation ntawm lub creation ntawm kev tswj cov khoom rau lawv siv nyob rau hauv lub neej los yog yuav txaus siab rau lawv cov artistic kev zoo nkauj.

Aristotelian logic tsis yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm sciences. Nws ua raws li ib tug general txoj kev ua hauj lwm yam, uas yog yuav tsum tau rau txhua tus ntawm cov sciences. Lub logic yog hais raws li ib lub cuab tam, uas yuav tsim kev tshawb fawb, vim hais tias nws muab cov kev rau txawv thiab cov pov thawj.

analytics

Analyst kawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pov thawj. Nws decomposes zajlus kom xav mus rau hauv yooj yim Cheebtsam, thiab los ntawm lawv twb tsiv mus rau lub complex ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev xav. Yog li, cov pov thawj ntawm cov qauv tsis yuav tsum tau saib xyuas.

Yog li, qhov logic thiab cov analytics mus xyuas seb xws li ib tug thov nyiaj, uas tsis yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj. Uas yog, rau cov lag luam yog yus muaj los ntawm extension axioms. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav los piav qhov tseeb hais tias xws li ib daim ntawv qhia, xav tau ntawv pov thawj. Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no yog nyob rau hauv txhua txhua ceg ntawm science, vim tsis muaj scientific kev tshawb no yog tsis yog tsis muaj logic thiab txawj ntse.

Kev sib raug zoo rau kev muaj tiag

Thaum pom tias cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi xws li ib tug daim ntawv qhia, uas yuav tsum tau muaj pov thawj, nws ua qhov tseeb: qhov xwm ntawm tus pov thawj yog hais tias lub daim ntawv qhia, uas yog nyob rau hauv sib cav sib ceg txog qhov tseeb lub xeev txog tej yam uas, los yog nrog lwm yam lus tseeb, lub authenticity ntawm uas tau muaj pov thawj ua ntej lawm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus sib liam yuav substantiated los ntawm txoj kev xyaum ua tej yam (lub cev, lom neeg, tshuaj), cov kev tshwm sim ntawm uas yog pom thiab hais tias lawv tau raws li lub teev kev txiav txim los yog tsis. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov kev tshawb fawb tau yuav ib tug pov thawj txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov nqe lus, los yog nws tsis kam.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg mob, thaum nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau kev xyaum ua tej yam lub, cov neeg chaw uasi mus rau lwm yam siv tau neeg pab leg ntaubntawv uas theem qhov tseeb ntawm nws cov nqe lus. Tej pov thawj niaj hnub no siv nyob rau hauv science, qhov twg cov khoom yog nyob sab nraum lub thaj tsam ntawm tib neeg tau mus saib lawv. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, qhov chaw uas kev txiav txim yuav tsis muab experimentally mus soj ntsuam. Yog li ntawd, cov thov nyiaj yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj ntawm "Avatar" yog hais txog mus rau lub theorem, tsuas yog txoj kev mus tsim txoj kev tseeb uas yog ib tug pov thawj ntawm kev rho raws li yav tas los pov thawj yeej muaj tseeb cov nqe lus.

tau

Ib nqe lus uas yuav tsum tau muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau kev txhawb los ntawm cov lus. Raws li lawv tej zaum yuav ua rau kev txiav txim uas tau raug yav tas los pov thawj, piv txwv li, axioms, kev cai, cov ntsiab lus txhais, muaj cov nqe lus ntawm qhov tseeb. Cov nqe lus siv nyob rau hauv tseeb tiag yog sib thooj, nyob ze kev sib raug zoo thiab sawv cev rau ib daim ntawv ntawm cov pov thawj. Lawv tsim ntau hom inference, uas yog kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv series.

Nyob rau ib qho piv txwv, xav txog cov nqe lus yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj "hlau tau thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam - tsis sodium." Los ua pov thawj no daim ntawv qhia, cov nram qab no nqe lus:

1. Tag nrho cov alkali hlau ntawm chav tsev kub dej twb decomposed.

2. Sodium yog ib tug alkali hlau. Thiaj li, nws decomposes dej.

3. Tus tsim hlau thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam dej yog tsis decomposed. Yog li ntawd, lub resultant hlau - tsis muaj sodium.

Raws li koj tau saib, tag nrho cov siv cov lus sib cav no yeej muaj tseeb, cov pov thawj uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev saib xyuas, cov ntsiab lus yav dhau los, syllogistic kev xav. Txheej txheem pov thawj no yog raws li nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev xav, ib tug yuav tau txais yog ib tug yuavtsum tau kawm uantej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau lwm yam.