Evolution hauv ib - ib tug keeb kwm ntawm ...

Lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj qus yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw raws li tej yam kev cai, thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug sau ntawm ib tug neeg nta. Biology zoo nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug precondition rau lub creation ntawm ib tug tshiab science - evolutionary biology. Nws tam sim ntawd los ua nrov. Thiab nws qhia tau hais tias cov evolution hauv ib - nws yog deterministic thiab irreversible txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg hom thiab tag nrho cov zej zog - coob. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb biosphere, rau tag nrho cov ntawm nws lub plhaub lawm. Qhov tsab xov xwm no yuav qhia txog yuav ua li cas kawm lub ntsiab ntawm hom thiab cov evolutionary yam.

Keeb kwm ntawm evolutionary saib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob

Science twb dhau ib tug yooj yim txoj kev ntawm tsim ntawm philosophical tswv yim hais txog cov mechanisms lwm qhov xwm ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Nws pib nrog cov tswv yim ntawm creationism qhia los ntawm C. Linnaeus, Cuvier, Charles Layeleem. Tus thawj evolutionary hypothesis twb hais los ntawm qhov Fabkis tus paub txog Lamarck nyob rau hauv nws "Philosophy ntawm Tshuaj xyuas tsiaj txhuv". English explorer Charlz Darvin thawj nyob rau hauv science tswv yim hais tias lub evolution nyob rau hauv biology ua - nws yog ib tug txheej txheem raws li nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic variation thiab natural xaiv. Nws cov hauv paus yog tus tawm tsam rau hav zoov.

Darwin ntseeg hais tias cov tsos ntawm tas mus li kev hloov ntawm hom yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lawv cov adaptation mus rau lub qhov hloov ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Cov tawm tsam rau hav zoov, raws li tus paub txog, lub cev yog ib tug txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig. Thiab nws yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv tus caum qab ntawm nyob creatures nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce rau hauv lawv cov xov tooj thiab nthuav yeej. Tag nrho tej yam zoo thiab muaj xws li evolution. Biology, Qib 9 uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv, xav tias genetic variation thiab natural xaiv dab nyob rau hauv "Evolutionary kev tshawb xav".

Synthetic hypothesis txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no

Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Charles Darwin ntawm nws lub tswv yim tau criticized los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo-paub scholars xws li F. Jenkin thiab Mr. Spencer. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, vim lub ceev ceev kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic thiab postulating cov kev cai ntawm caj Mendel nws los ua tau los mus tsim hluavtaws hypothesis ntawm evolution. Nyob rau hauv nws sau nws piav xws nto moo zaum li S. Chetverikov D. Haldane thiab C. Reid. Lawv sib cav hais tias lub evolution hauv ib - lub phenomenon ntawm lom kawm, uas muaj rau hauv daim aromorphoses, idioadaptatsy rau coob ntawm ntau hom.

Raws li qhov no hypothesis, cov yam tseem ceeb yog evolutionary lub neej tsis, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic drift thiab kev rho tawm. Daim Ntawv lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov xwm pom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem xws li speciation, macroevolution thiab microevolution. Qhov saum toj no scientific views yuav tuaj raws li ib tug summation ntawm kev paub txog change, uas yog ib qhov chaw ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic variation. Raws li zoo raws li ntaus tswv yim ntawm cov pejxeem, raws li ib tug yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lub hom.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub evolution ntawm qhov chaw?

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog xa biogeocenotic theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Nws tshwm sim microevolution dab rau coob txog ib zaug xwb hom. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yog ua tau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab subspecies thiab hom. Ntawm no, muaj dab uas ua rau cov tsos ntawm taxa - genera, cov tsev neeg thiab cov chav kawm. Lawv yuav mus rau macroevolution. Vernadsky kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb tiag lub kaw kev sib raug zoo rau txhua theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub biosphere, paub meej tias qhov tseeb hais tias biogeocoenosis - yog cov ib puag ncig ntawm evolutionary dab.

Thaum lub qhov kawg nkaus, uas yog, ib tug ruaj khov ecosystem, nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm coob txog ntau chav kawm ntawv, cov kev hloov yog vim coherent evolution. Hom ntawm cov ruaj khov Biogeocenoses hu ua tsenofilnymi. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub ruaj tsis khov tej yam kev mob ntawm lub cev, muaj ib tug incoherent evolution cov ecologically yas, lub thiaj-hu ua tsenofobnyh hom. Tsiv teb tsaws tsiaj txawv coob ntawm tib hom kab hloov lawv noob pas los ntawm tawg lub zaus ntawm tshwm sim ntawm txawv noob. Yog li ntawd hais tias niaj hnub biology. Cov evolution ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no, uas yuav muab suav hais tias los ntawm peb hauv qab no, qhia no fact.

Cov qib kev loj hlob ntawm cov xwm

Scholars xws li S. Razumovsky thiab V. Krasilov muaj pov thawj hais tias tus nqi ntawm evolution ntawm lwm qhov xwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob yog sis tsis ncaj. Lawv yog cov qeeb thiab yuav luag imperceptible hloov nyob rau hauv lub ruaj khov Biogeocenoses. Lawv sharply ceev thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm ib puag ncig crises .. txiv neej-ua qeeg, melting glaciers, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv cov niaj hnub biosphere yog ib lub tsev mus txog 3 lab hom nyob beings. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm lawv yog kawm Biology (Qib 7) rau tib neeg lub neej. Evolution protozoa, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata yog ib tug maj mam ua complexity ntawm lub plawv, ua pa, lub paj hlwb systems ntawm cov tsiaj.

Tus thawj seem uas muaj sia nyob muaj nyob rau hauv Archean sedimentary pob zeb. Lawv muaj hnub nyoog yog hais txog 2.5 billion xyoo. Tus thawj eukaryotes nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub Proterozoic era. Tau xaiv rau lub keeb kwm ntawm multicellular kab piav qhia txog scientific hypotheses fagotsitelly Mechnikov thiab gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution hauv ib - yog txoj kev ntawm cov xwm los ntawm tus thawj Archean neej cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub ntau yam ntawm muaj thiab fauna ntawm cov niaj hnub Cenozoic Era.

Niaj hnub nimno cov tswv yim hais txog cov evolution ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb

Lawv yog cov tej yam kev mob uas ua rau coj kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Lawv genotype yog lub feem ntau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm sab nraud influences (conservatism ntawm cov noob pas dej ua ke ntawm ib tug tsiaj). Mob muaj keeb ntaub ntawv yeej tseem yuav hloov los ntawm noob chromosomal change. Qhov no yog txoj kev - lub tshaaj ntawm yam ntxwv tshiab thiab cov khoom - yog evolution ntawm cov tsiaj. Biology kawm nws nyob rau hauv seem xws li comparative lub cev, biogeography thiab noob caj noob ces. Tu tub tu kiv raws li ib yam ntawm evolution, yog paramount tseem ceeb. Nws muab ib tug kev hloov ntawm ntau tiam thiab lub laaj ntawm lub neej.

Tus txiv neej thiab cov Biosphere

Cov kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb zoo li thiab geochemical kev ua si uas muaj sia nyob mus kawm biology. Cov evolution ntawm lub biosphere ntawm peb ntiaj chaw muaj ib tug ntev geological keeb kwm. Nws yog tsim los ntawm Vernadsky nyob rau hauv nws qhia. Nws coined lub sij hawm "noosphere", kev to taub nyob rau hauv nws tus ntawm meej pem (kev puas hlwb) ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Nyob teeb meem, yog muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov plhaub ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, modifies lawv thiab lub sij lub voj voog ntawm teeb meem thiab lub zog.