Acid ntsev

Yog hais tias lub acid ib los yog tag nrho cov hydrogen atoms pawg los ntawm lwm ntawv, xws tshuaj tshuaj hu ua ntsev. Hlau los yog ammonium pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug molecule yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug zoo oxidation lub xeev thiab no hu ua cations. Acid residue yog hu ua anion. Tag nrho cov ntsev tsim nrog co uas yuav mus rau pab pawg neeg Ia ntawm lub periodic table, yog soluble. Nrog hais txog ntsev tsim IIa pab pawg neeg hlau, lawv solubility txawv.

Muaj nruab nrab, yog tias tag nrho cov hydrogen molecule nyob rau hauv lub polybasic acid yog pawg los ntawm lwm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li acid ntsev, yog hais tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub hlau cations los yog ammonium yog tam sim no ib tug zoo them hydrogen. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, ib txwm ntsev yuav raug nplua:

- magnesium sulfate MgSO4;

- txhuas sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3;

- ammonium phosphate (NH4) 3PO4;

- sodium carbonate Na2CO3.

Dissociation ntawm lub ntsev nruab nrab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zoo hlau cations thiab qhov tsis zoo anions acid residue. Los nruab nrab ntsev muab los ntawm ib tug acid thiab lub npe ntawm nws txoj kev ntawv.

Acid ntsev yog tsim los ntawm ib nrab hloov ntawm hydrogen rau ib tug hlau los yog ammonium pab pawg neeg. Yog li, lawv muaj xws li ib tug hlau, hydrogen thiab ib tug acid residue. Lawv tsim tau tsuas yog rau cov polybasic acids. Piv txwv li lub tebchaw:

- sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3;

- sodium dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- sodium hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- poov tshuaj hydrogen sulfate KHSO4.

Nyob rau hauv lawv tam sim no title prefix "hydro" (yog hais tias ib unsubstituted hydrogen ntawv) los yog "dihydro" (yog hais tias muaj yog ob unsubstituted hydrogen cations).

Lub aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm acid ntsev yog dissociated kom zoo anions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm anions, raws li zoo raws li ob hom zoo cations (hlau ions thiab hydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4ˉ ˉ. Hydrolysis acidic ntsev tsim nrog muaj zog acids, aqueous nruab nrab muaj ib tug pH tsawg tshaj li 7, chaw pib lub npe ntawm cov ntsev. Lub hydrolysis ntawm acid ntsev muab los ntawm tsis muaj zog acids (e.g., hydrogen), cov tshuaj yog nruab nrab los yog alkaline, i.e. ib pH ntawm tsawg kawg yog 7.

Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab ntsev tej zaum yuav tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov hlau nrog acid, thiab lwm txoj kev, qhov kev npaj ntawm acid ntsev raws li nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm:

• ib tug polybasic acid nrog ib tug nruab nrab ntsev. Yog li tau sodium hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, dej soluble diammonium phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 los yog poov hlau carbonate: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• ib tug polybasic acid nrog ib tug alkali. Piv txwv li, raws li nyob rau hauv tau txais daim ntawv ntawm dihydrogen yog barium cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: 2H3PO4 + kav ywm (OH) 2 → kav ywm (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Sej lub alkali acid ntsev, txij thaum lawv yog cov khoom ntawm tsis tiav neutralization yuav tau siab ntsev dua;

• acidic oxide nrog alkali li tau calcium carbonate: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias hydrocarbons tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab, txojkev mus rau sab xis nyob rau hauv lub Periodic Table pawg IIa, thiab cov khoom hydrocarbons yog tau tsuas yog rau cov cov pab pawg neeg Ia ntsiab.

Ntsev yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries, tab sis ib txhia kev qhia ntawm lawv cov kev siv yog tsis raws li tag nrho ib lub zuj zus. Daim ntawv thov ntawm no hom ntawm ntsev nyob rau lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj tebchaw thiab yog txiav txim los ntawm nyiaj txiag feasibility.

Yog li, piv txwv li, ammonium hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 siv raws li phosphorus-ammonium complex chiv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no compound yog siv nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua hluav taws kub: qhov hluav taws kub tiv thaiv lawv cov txheej txheem sib txawv lug. Tsis tas li ntawd, (NH4) 2HPO4 yog siv raws li additives nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm tej qib ntawm cov luam yeeb.

Sodium hydrosulfite NaHSO3 siv rau lub tshuaj dawb tso ntawm ntaub ntawv sib txawv thiab cov duab.

Calcium bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 yog ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov cellulose los ntawm ntoo.

Bisulfites uas yog acidic ntsev ntawm sulfurous acid, H2SO3, ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj epinephrine, thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv molecular biology.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 thiab NaHSO4 sodium potassium yog siv raws li ib tug flux nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy.

Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - yeeb tshuaj, feem ntau ntawm cov paub acid tas li ntawd ntsev. Nws tso tawm nyob rau hauv Sterlitamak (lub tuam txhab "Dej qab zib") raws li cov specifications teem tawm nyob rau hauv GOST 2156-76. Sodium bicarbonate yog siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, tshuaj thiab kws industries, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.