Classical German philosophy luv luv (general yam ntxwv)

Yuav ua li cas yog nthuav classical German philosophy? Qhia me me txog nws yog ib qhov nyuaj, tab sis peb yuav ua tiag. Nws yog tseem ceeb heev thiab ntau yam pauv loj pab mus rau lub keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no uas yog kev xav. Yog li ntawd los tham txog ib tug tag nrho co txawv theoretical tswv yim uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham hais txog ib tug qhia ntawv thiab cov thawj system uas yog kev xav, nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, lub German classical philosophy. Luv luv nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj peev xwm hais tias cov nram qab no. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog Emanu-es Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lyudvig Andreas Feuerbach. Cov phau ntawv xov tooj ntawm thinkers ntawm no sib kuj muaj xws li ib tug ob peb nto moo ntsej muag. Qhov no Johann Gottlieb Fichte thiab Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Schelling. Txhua ntawm lawv yog cov heev thawj thiab yog tus creator ntawm nws tus kheej lub cev. Peb ces yuav hais lus ntawm xws li ib tug holistic phenomenon ntawm classical German philosophy? Piav mentsis txog nws raws li ib tug sau ntawm ntau yam tswv yim thiab tswv yim. Tab sis tag nrho lawv muaj ib co heev tseem ceeb nta thiab tej ntsiab cai.

German classical philosophy. General yam ntxwv (luv luv)

Qhov no yog ib qho ntu nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm kev xav nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qhov no lub teb chaws, raws li Marx aptly muab nws, nyob rau hauv cov hnub muaj tsis txhob theoretical tshaj tswv yim. Txawm li cas los, tom qab lub ntsoog ntawm lub Enlightenment philosophy ntawm qhov chaw tau tsiv ntawm no. Thaum nws yug los ntawm txawv yam - kiv puag ncig thiab sim nyob rau restoration nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub chaw ntawm cov ideology ntawm tej yam ntuj tso kev cai lij choj thiab vaj tse, lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug tsim nyog kev txiav txim. Yog hais tias peb yeej xav kom to taub dab tsi classical German philosophy, luv luv, peb yuav hais tias nws sau rau yav dhau los cov tswv yim ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cognition, ontology thiab kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov xav tau sim los nkag siab txog dab tsi kab lis kev cai thiab nco ntsoov. Lawv yog cov tseem xav nyob rau hauv dab tsi qhov chaw occupies tag nrho philosophy. German thinkers ntawm lub sij hawm no sim tuab lub essence ntawm tus neeg. Lawv tau tsim ib tug systematic philosophy li "qhov kev kawm ntawm tus ntsuj plig", qhia nws cov ntsiab pawg thiab tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam. Thiab raws li lub ntsiab txoj kev xav, feem ntau ntawm lawv paub txog lub dialectic.

tsim

Feem ntau cov historians ntseeg Emanu-es Kant, qhov tus tsim ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg lub siab, uas yog lub classical German philosophy. Sau ua ke nws cov kev ua si yog muab faib ua ob lub sij hawm. Tus thawj ntawm no yog feeb xam tau tias yog subcritical. Muaj Kant qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug natural paub txog, thiab txawm muab rau pem hauv ntej ib tug hypothesis txog yuav ua li cas peb cov ntiajteb xwb. Ob, ib tug tseem ceeb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub philosopher, mob siab rau epistemology teeb meem ntawm dialectics, ethics thiab tsim kom zoo nkauj. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws sim kom daws tau qhov teeb meem uas tau arisen ntawm empiricism thiab rationalism: dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev txawj ntse - vim li cas los yog kev? Nws xav hais tias qhov no sib cav tswv yim yog kev lom zem ntau dag. Txoj kev xav muab peb cov ntaub ntawv uas cov kev tshawb fawb, thiab lub siab muab nws lub cev. Kev kuj tso cai tag nrho cov no mus sib npaug thiab xyuas. Yog hais tias txoj kev xav yog ephemeral thiab impermanent, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm vim li cas - innate thiab ib tug priori. Lawv nyob ua ntej cov kev. Ua tsaug rau lawv peb yuav qhia qhov tseeb thiab phenomena hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub surrounding. Tab sis kom to taub lub essence ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab lub ntug nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas peb tsis tau. Qhov no yog qhov "tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej", qhov kev nkag siab ntawm uas yog tshaj lub kev, nws yog transcendental.

Thuam ntawm theoretical thiab cov tswv yim vim li cas

Qhov no philosopher tau muab tso rau cov ntsiab teeb meem, uas yog ces solved tag nrho tom ntej German classical philosophy. Luv luv (Kant philosopher nyuaj heev, tab sis sim mus piv rau lub tswvyim), nws suab zoo li. Yuav ua li cas thiab yuav ua li cas muaj peev xwm ib tug txiv neej paub yuav ua li cas khiav lag luam, muaj dab tsi, thiab txhua yam uas nws yog leejtwg? Yuav kom teb tau thawj lo lus nug, tus philosopher considers cov theem ntawm kev xav thiab lawv cov functions. Siab ntsws xav khiav lag luam priori ntaub ntawv (e.g., qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm), yog vim li cas - cov pawg (kom muaj nuj nqis, zoo). Tseeb coj los ntawm kev nrog lawv yog hloov mus rau hauv lub tswv yim. Ib tug siab nrog lawv ua ib tug priori hluavtaws kev txiav txim. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm cognition. Tab sis lub siab muaj ntau lub tswv yim thiab txawm li cas los - txoj kev sib sau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tus ntsuj plig, ntawm Vajtswv. Lawv sawv cev rau lub zoo tagnrho txawv, tab sis rationally coj lawv tawm ntawm kev los yog ua pov thawj tsis yooj yim sua. Tej kev sim ua li ntawd generates insoluble contradictions - lub antinomy. Lawv taw tes kom paub tias yog vim li cas kom tsis txhob thiab muab txoj kev txoj kev ntseeg. Criticizing lub theoretical kev xav, Kant hais kom lub tswv yim, uas yog, rau morals. Nws cov hauv paus yuav yog ib tug philosopher, ib tug priori categorical imperative - qhov kev siv ntawm kev ncaj ncees luag hauj lwm, tsis yog lub siab nyiam thiab xav. Kant xav ntau nta ntawm classical German philosophy. Cia peb nyob luv luv rau lwm yam ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev.

Fichte

Qhov no philosopher, tsis zoo li Kant, tsis pom zoo tias lwm tus tsis nyob ntawm seb peb nco qab. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov kev kawm thiab tus kwv - cia li ib tug txawv manifestation los ntawm Vajtswv txoj lus "kuv". Nyob rau hauv lub qub chav kawm ntawm ua lag ua luam thiab kev kawm ua tau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tso siab. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov thawj "Kuv" realizes (ua) nws tus kheej, thiab ces tej khoom. Lawv pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab ua obstacles rau nws. Yuav kom kov yeej lawv, "Kuv" tsim. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob ntev ntawm tus txheej txheem no yog to taub hais tias kev kawm thiab cov kwv. Ces opposites yuav raug rhuav tshem, thiab muaj yog ib tug meej "Kuv". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yuav raug qhov kev nkag siab ntawm Fichte yog theoretical thiab cov tswv yim. Tus thawj txhais thiab siv cov thib ob. Tsis "Kuv", nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Fichte, tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv potency. Nws tsab yog ib lub collective "peb" los yog Vajtswv.

Schelling

Tos lub tswv yim ntawm Fichte kev sib sau ntawm kev kawm thiab tus kwv, tus txawj xav zoo kawg xav tias ob qho tib si ntawm cov pawg ntawm cov tiag tiag. Xwm yog tsis khoom siv rau lub realization ntawm qhov uas "kuv". Qhov no nws tus kheej-tsis nco qab tag nrho cov tsos nrog ib tug potentiality ntawm cov kev kawm. Do nyob rau hauv nws tawm los ntawm lub opposites thiab, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no Ntsuj. Cov kev kawm yog yug los ntawm cov xwm, tab sis nws tsim ib lub ntiaj teb ntawm nws tus kheej, cais los ntawm qhov uas "kuv" - science, art, kev ntseeg. Lub logic yog tam sim no tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub siab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tab sis tseem ceeb tshaj qhov yuav uas ua rau peb xyaum, thiab lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pom txoj kev sib sau ntawm tus txiv neej thiab cov xwm, cov kev nkag siab yog tsis txaus, peb yuav tsum tau kev txawj ntse qhov. Nws muaj ib tug philosophy thiab kos duab. Yog li ntawd, ib tug system ntawm kev xav, raws li Schelling, yuav tsum muaj xws li ntawm peb qhov chaw. Qhov no yog lub tswvyim ntawm qhov, ces epistemology (uas tshuaj xyuas ib tug priori ntaub ntawv ntawm lub siab). Tab sis lub crowning hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm tag nrho cov yog cov kev nkag siab ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm kev kawm thiab cov kwv. Qhov no apogee Schelling hu ua philosophy ntawm yog leejtwg tiag. Nws ntseeg hais tias lub xub ntiag ntawm lub Absolute siab, nyob rau hauv uas tus ntsuj plig thiab qhov xwm ntawm tus lwm polarity yog tib yam.

Lub system thiab txoj kev

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws thinker, uas yog txuam nrog rau cov German classical philosophy - Hegel. Piav mentsis txog nws lub cev thiab yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus. Schelling, Hegel lees txais cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus neeg thiab Kant xaus lus tias qhov teeb meem yuav tsis tau muab tso tawm ntawm nco ntsoov, thiab vice versa. Tab sis nws ntseeg lub ntsiab philosophical hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev sib sau thiab tawm tsam ntawm opposites. Lub ntiaj teb no yog raws li nyob rau hauv tus neeg ntawm ua thiab xav, tsis muaj lub tswv yim. Tab sis nws zais contradictions. Thaum qhov kev sib sau tiav niam txiv paub ntawm nws tus kheej, nws alienates thiab tsim ib lub ntiaj teb los ntawm cov khoom (os, xwm). Tab sis qhov no otherness yog tseem tsim raws li cov kev cai ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv "Science ntawm Logic" Hegel views cov cai no. Nws pom hais tias xws li tswv yim raws li lawv raug tsim thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev thiab dialectical logic, dab tsi yog cov kev cai ntawm lub yav tas. Cov dab no yog cov tib yam rau kev xav, thiab rau cov ib puag ncig, vim hais tias lub ntiaj teb no yog ib zajlus kom thiab tsim nyog. Lub ntsiab txoj kev Hegel lub dialectic tau ua qhov yooj yim pawg thiab cov cai lij choj uas nws coj thiab fastened.

triad

Ob tug lwm tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm ntawm lub German philosopher yog "natural philosophy" thiab "Phenomenology ntawm Ntsuj Plig". Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws txog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Absolute tswv yim otherness thiab xa rov qab mus rau kuv tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau ib tug txawv theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Lub qis tshaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - lub mechanics, ua raws li los ntawm physics, thiab thaum kawg organic. Thaum kawm tiav ntawm no triad ntawm ntsuj plig los ntawm qhov thiab npaj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg thiab zej zog. Thaum xub thawj, nws realizes nws tus kheej. Rau ntawm no theem, nws yog ib tug subjective ntsuj plig. Tom qab ntawd nws zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov ntaub ntawv uas - ntawm morality, kev cai lij choj thiab lub xeev. Tib neeg keeb kwm xaus nrog lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub meej ntsuj plig. Nws kuj muaj peb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob - yog ib daim duab, kev ntseeg thiab philosophy.

materialism

Tab sis Hegel tus system tsis xaus nrog lub German classical philosophy. Feuerbach (luv luv peb yuav piav qhia txog nws kev qhia hauv qab no) yog xav tau nws cov xeem neeg sawv cev. Nws tau kuj tau lub feem ntau ardent critic ntawm Hegel. Thaum kawg nws borrowed lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsis sib haum. Yuav luag tag nrho nws lub neej nws mob siab rau, mus nrhiav seb yog dab tsi nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab hom. Nws sim los ua ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm kev kov yeej kev tsis sib haum, thiab kuj thuam kev ntseeg los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm materialism. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Christian kev ntseeg, nws hais tias ib tug txiv neej tsim Vajtswv. Yog li muaj yog kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov neeg los ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho. Thiab qhov no tau coj mus rau lub fact tias nws cov creation ntawm tus txiv neej ua kwv uas pe hawm Vajtswv. Yuav tsum tau xa mus rau lub dee ntawm cov neeg rau yog dab tsi lawv yeej tsim nyog - rau lawv tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau txhim khu kev qha txhais tau tias kom kov yeej kev tsis sib haum - nws yog kev hlub uas muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug tshiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg.

German classical philosophy. Txoj kev uas lub ntsiab tswv yim

Peb pom tau tias tag nrho cov txawv philosophers tau sim mus tshawb cov txiv neej, nws essence thiab lub hom phiaj. Kant ntseeg hais tias cov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub morality yog, Fichte - uas active thiab ntse, Schelling - hais tias tus neeg ntawm kawm thiab kwv, Hegel - logic thiab Feuerbach - kev hlub. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim cov nqi ntawm philosophy, lawv kuj nyob sib txawv, txawm tias feem ntau zoo ib yam li txoj haujlwm. Kant tsom tseem ceeb ntawm epistemology thiab ethics, Schelling - tej yam ntuj tso philosophy, Fichte - nom tswv disciplines, Hegel - panlogism. Feuerbach tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub complex. Raws li rau dialectics, tag nrho cov paub txog nws tseem ceeb, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej rau nws tus kheej version ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm universal kev sib txuas lus. Cov no yog cov ntsiab teeb meem, uas yog suav hais tias yog German classical philosophy. General yam ntxwv (luv luv piav saum toj no rau peb) ntawm no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg kev xav, raws li nrov kev ntseeg, yog hais tias nws yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev cai tau ntawm Western teb chaws Europe.