"Lub philosophy ntawm Khetos" Erasmus: Basic tswv yim

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Erasmus yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm thiaj li hu ua tib neeg tshaj tus Alps. Muaj coob tus ntseeg hais tias lub sij hawm "Renaissance" yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau Northern teb chaws Europe xwb muaj ib tug yawm degree ntawm conditionality. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov no sib yog tsis zoo heev rau cov Italian Renaissance. Humanists ntawm Northern teb chaws Europe tsis sim heev npaum li cas mus rau revive lub kev cai ntawm antiquity, tab sis kom to taub lub essence ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Feem ntau ntawm cov sij hawm spare nws kawm nws tsis Plato thiab Aristotle, tab sis phau Vajlugkub. Yog li ntawd, mus rau "tshaj lub Alps Renaissance," ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lwm phenomenon - lub Reformation. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sab qaum teb Renaissance (raws li, piv txwv li, lub humanist Erazm Rotterdamsky), rau tag nrho cov kev thuam ntawm lub Roman Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj, tsis yog ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm cov Protestant camp. Ntxiv mus, lawv xav kom kho lub denomination uas tau koom, tab sis ib tug ua kom tiav so nrog nws scares lawv. Erasmus yog hu ua tus creator ntawm ib tug tshiab Theological system, qhov twg nws sim teb cov lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yuav tsum yog tus tib neeg yuav tsum coj li Vajtswv, thiab dab tsi qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm no coj morality thiab morality.

Leej twg yog Erazm Rotterdamsky

Luv luv txog qhov no txawv tshaj plaw txiv neej, koj yuav tau hais li nram qab no. Nws yog tus tsaub tub ntawm ib tug pov thawj thiab ib tug kws kho mob tus ntxhais, nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv ib tug ntug zos ntawm Rotterdam nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Gouda. Li no nws lub npe menyuam yaus, raws li yog cov kev cai nyob rau hauv cov hnub. Yog li ntawd-hu ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig neeg, feem ntau monks - los ntawm lub npe thiab qhov chaw yug. Txij li thaum nws niam nws txiv tuag thaum ntxov, cov saib xyuas ntxias kom cov tub hluas mus tau daim ntaub thaiv. Tab sis vim hais tias nws tsis yog nws xaiv, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ib tug haujsam tau muab rau cov neej yav tom ntej philosopher. Ua ntej yuav noj vows, nws yog me ntsis txog cov lub ancient classics, uas ntaus nws txoj kev zoo nkauj. Kev Kawm Ntawv tau pab nws hloov nws lub neej zaj dabneeg. Ib tug ntawm cov npis sov yog yuav tsum tau tus Secretary-Latinist. Erasmus yuav coj qhov chaw nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm nws tus thawj coj tawm ascetic lub neej. Txawm li cas los, nws yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus religiosity. Erasmus mus. Nws muaj lub sij hawm mus kawm ntawv nyob rau Sorbonne. Muaj nws ua txuj yuav kawm theology, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws kawm Latin ntaub ntawv. Erazm Rotterdamsky npau suav ntawm Vajtswv txoj kev tshawb. Tab sis rau no nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov Greek lus. Qhov no yav tom ntej philosopher koom tiag. Nws kuj tau mus xyuas teb chaws Askiv, qhov twg nws tau ntsib Thomas More, thiab nrog kev lom zem thiab zoo lus hais txog muaj cov kev lis kev cai.

pib ua si

Views Erasmus pib tsim nyob rau hauv Oxford. Muaj nws tau ntsib nrog admirers ntawm Antiquities, uas dragged nws mus rau hauv nws lub voj voog. Thaum txhiab tsib puas, lub neej yav tom ntej tus paub txog tau rov qab mus rau Paris, yog thawj zaug uas kuv luam tawm ib phau ntawv rau Greek thiab Latin aphorisms. Nws tom qab mus txog ob peb tshooj. Lub neej zaum tau txais tshiab impetus. Tam sim no rau ob tug cov hom phiaj ntawm Erasmus muaj - mus popularize lub ancient sau phau ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev thiab luam tawm tsab cov qhabnias ntawv nyeem ntawm Phau Tshiab, txhais los ntawm lub Greek. Kawn txog kev ntseeg tsis yog nws lub ntsiab hobby-nees. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Erasmus yog es ib tug ncaj ncees thiab philosophical. Nws ua hauj lwm heev npaum li cas hais tias contemporaries xav yuav ua li cas ib tug txiv neej yuav sau ntawv ntau npaum li ntawd. Nws tsim scientific tej hauj lwm, nrov journalism, thiab pua pua ntawm translations rau hauv Latin ntawm Greek thawj. Tsuas yog ib tug ntawm nws tsab ntawv rau cov phooj ywg nyob txog li ob txhiab.

Sau ntawv loj tej hauj lwm

Tom qab ua kom tiav nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Sorbonne, Erasmus yuam mus nyob rau hauv tau qhuab yam. Nws feem ntau mus los ntawm Paris mus rau lub Netherlands thiab rov qab, nyob rau hauv Leuven, Orleans, zoo nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Greek. Nws yog nyob rau hauv xyoo no, Erazm Rotterdamsky sau "Riam phom ntawm cov Christian warrior." Phau ntawv no yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws tej lus qhia, txawm hais tias tus muaj koob meej ntawm lub philosopher coj lwm ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws ciali mus rau lub thib ob lub ntsiab vim li cas ntawm lub Italian Renaissance. Lub ntsiab lub tswv yim ntawm no ua hauj lwm yog hais tias lub teeb ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv yuav tsum tau kev cob cog rua nrog lub achievements ntawm antiquity. Nyob rau hauv 1506 nws tau mus rau Ltalis, qhov uas nws siv txog peb lub xyoos. Ntawm no nws tswj kom tau ib tug doctorate, mus xyuas Venice thiab Rome. Nyob rau hauv 1509, Erasmus rov qab rau teb chaws Askiv, uas nws tau caw los ntawm Tomas Mor, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm yog Chancellor ntawm King Henry VIII. Cov yav tas, thaum nws tseem yog ib tug tub vaj ntxwv, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog cov phooj ywg nrog rau cov philosopher thiab nws mas tsis hwm. Tej lub sij hawm hero ntawm peb cov zaj dab neeg tau qhia nyob rau ntawm lub Cambridge. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, Erasmus sau nws nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm - lub playful "Qhuas folly", uas yog muab cim xws li paub txog nees luav thiab cov clown-wise. Phau ntawv no tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv 1511, thiab txij thaum ntawd los nws sau tau los ua ib tug tiag tiag lub hnub qub ntawm lub ces cov teb chaws Europe.

"Basel leeb"

Lwm admirer ntawm Erasmus Crowned - huab tais Charles tsib - tsa nws raws li nws advisor nrog ib tug zoo nyiaj hli, thiab cov tsis muaj cov luag num. Qhov no tso cai rau philosopher kiag li zwm rau nws nyiam txoj hauj lwm thiab mus txawv tebchaws. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws muaj kev tswj kom paub nws hlub heev npau suav. Nyob rau hauv Basel, los lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm nws ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm - lub Greek ntawv nyeem ntawm lub Moo Zoo. Txawm li cas los, phau Vajlugkub scholars hais tias qhov no tsab kuj muaj yuam kev, tab sis nws yog lub hauv paus rau ntxiv ib qho tseem ceeb txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Phau Tshiab. Txij thaum ntawd los, ib tug ntau ntawm cov phau ntawv sau Erazm Rotterdamsky. Zaug ntawm nws thaum lub sij hawm - nws yog feem ntau txhais. Plutarch thiab Seneca, Cicero thiab Ovid, Origen thiab Ambrose, lub ancient paj huam, historians thiab txiv ntawm lub Koom Txoos - thiab tag nrho koj lub npe nws. Txawm tias Erasmus lossi cov kwv tij ntawm Switzerland, Freiburg thiab Besancon, nws hu ua "Basel leeb." Txawm tias twb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas nws pib mob, mob tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev noj ib yam ib feem nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev txawj ntse sib cav tswv yim nrog nws lub contemporaries. Piv txwv li, Erazm Rotterdamsky sib cav furiously nrog Luther. Cov phau ntawv "Basel leeb" "Txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xaiv" kuj zoo kawg reformer hais tias ua hauj lwm "qhev yuav." Tsis muaj leej twg lawv tsis pom zoo nrog qhov kev txiavtxim. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Erasmus Basel lub sij hawm - nws tseem yog lub treatises rau ib tug ntau yam. Qhov no philological refinements yuav ua li cas kom raug hais lub Greek thiab Latin lo lus, thiab pedagogical xav hais txog txoj cai kawm ntawv ntawm lub rulers, thiab ib tsab ntawv hais txog nyob mus ib txhis lub ntiaj teb no, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov kev sib sau ntawm lub Koom Txoos, thiab txawm lub New Testament dab neeg dim de paraphrase. Cov ntshav txheej xwm ntawm lub Reformation ntshai thiab repelled nws, tab sis nws daig rau nws lub tswv yim, ib txwm nyob ntawm ob tug opposing camps. Erazm Rotterdamsky tuag nyob rau hauv 1536, nyob rau hauv tib lub Basel.

humanist

Historians paub qhov txawv ob tiam ntawm German thiab Anglo-Dutch Renaissance. Erazm Rotterdamsky tau koom rau cov yau ntawm lawv. Nws tiag tiag teb yog tsis Holland, tsis Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab nws nyiam antiquity. Nws heroes nws paub raws li intimately raws li nws cov phooj ywg. Tib neeg Erasmus manifested nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws siv science, ntaub ntawv thiab luam ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li muab ib tug unprecedented tej yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab. Friendship nrog nws rivaled lub powers uas yuav tsum tau, thiab ntau yam ntawm lub nroog muaj nws ib tug mus tas nyiaj hli tsuas yog rau lub fact tias nws nyob muaj. Yuav kom nws muaj tswv yim - yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm philosophy thiab kev nom kev tswv - xa vaj, princes thiab tsuas kawm ntawv cov neeg. Latin thiab ancient cov ntaub ntawv , nws paub, tej zaum zoo tshaj lwm tus nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab nws lub tswv yim yuav ua li cas rau hais tej yam suab nyob rau hauv lub Greek phau ntawv, tau ua tus coj universities.

Moralist, satirist, philosopher

Cov hauj lwm ntawm Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam, uas tau coj nws unprecedented chaw thiab thoob ntiaj teb lub koob meej, tau sau los ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej cov lus, "tsis muaj dab tsi zoo dua rau ua." Piv txwv li, lub "Qhuas folly" xwb thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej tau luam tawm txog plaub caug lub sij hawm. Qhov no txoj kev txaus siab satire nrog ib co sarcasm shares yog muaj lus zoo siab thiab zoo - nws tsis yog lashed thiab tsis undermine cov me nyuam yaus. Yog li ntawd, thiab nws nyiam kev vam meej nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Tab sis tus neeg sau ntawm ntau tseem ceeb tau txuas rau nws phau ntawv nyob rau pedagogy, nyob rau hauv particular cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm Christian princes thiab qhia cov me nyuam hom lus. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws quest, nws yog suav tias yog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev kawm ua ub no. Nws hu ua nws "philosophy ntawm Khetos". Fundamentals ntawm nws twb pw nyob rau hauv Oxford. Muaj, ua ke nrog rau lwm cov mej zeej ntawm lub vajvoog ntawm lovers ntawm antiquity thawj formulated cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Christian tib neeg yog Erazm Rotterdamsky. Lub ntsiab tswv yim ntawm no tej lus qhuab qhia, nws tau hais nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws thawj phau ntawv.

"Dagger ntawm lub Christian warrior"

Yuav ua li cas Erasmus wrote nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, nws tau txais kev pab raws li cov coj lub hnub qub ntawm ib tug lub neej rau nws. Cov phau ntawv lub npe kuj muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus ntsiab lus. Qhov no ua piv txwv qhia yog feem ntau siv rau xa mus rau cov nyob tej yam kev mob ntawm ib tug yeej muaj tseeb believer. Nws yuav tsum txhua txhua hnub mus rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua, sib ntaus rau lawv qhov tseem ceeb, mus txheem txoj kev txhaum thiab kev ntxias. Rau lub hom phiaj no nws yog tsim nyog los piv cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kom nws ntshiab rau txhua leej txhua tus. Dawb nws los ntawm qhov hnyav kev kawm tej khaub ncaws uas npog lub essence. Peb yuav tsum rov qab mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm thaum ntxov cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kom to taub qhov nws yog ntseeg cov neeg uas tsim thawj lub zej lub zos. Koj yuav tsum ua raws li nruj kev ncaj ncees kev cai uas yuav ua ib tug zoo meej lub neej thiab pab lwm leej lwm tus. Thiab thaum kawg, yuav tsum xyaum Yexus tus kheej, yuav tsum tau los siv rau lub tswv yim thiab tej kev qhuab qhia Vajtswv Txojlus. Thiab qhov no nws yog tsim nyog los raug to taub thiab txhais tau lub Moo Zoo, uas tau coj tus Cawm Seej, nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov simplicity, tsis muaj kev kawm distortions thiab excesses. Qhov no yog lub tswvyim ntawm Tswv Yexus.

Tshiab theology Erasmus

Nws tau hais tias qhov no yog heev muaj menyuam coob coob txawj sau ntawv tau tshuav ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov nplooj ntawv, treatises thiab cov phau ntawv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm txhua txhua kawm European, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm noble yug, kev kawm nws nyob nws. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug qauv rau tag nrho cov civilized neeg ntawm lub era nws los ua Erazm Rotterdamsky. Lub ntsiab ntawm nws Theological kev tshawb fawb kuj los ua qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab kev qhuas. Nws attracted tus mloog ntawm contemporaries hais tias tus philosopher tsis siv tshuaj ntuav txoj kev. Ntxiv mus, nws xav derided scholasticism tseem nyob rau hauv lub "Qhuas folly". Thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam tej hauj lwm, nws yeej tsis yws yws. Tus sau cem nws lub npe, hom kev kawm, conceptual thiab cov zajlus kom apparatus, xav hais tias nws zaum philosophizing Christianity poob. Tag nrho cov pompous tus kws kho mob nrog nws barren thiab npliag kev sib tham ua kom hloov ntau hom ntsiab txhais txog ntawm Vajtswv. Lub philosophy ntawm Khetos yog pub dawb los ntawm tag nrho cov no. Nws yog tsim los hloov tag nrho sucked los ntawm tus ntiv tes teeb meem, yog li fiercely sib tham nyob rau hauv lub scientific ib puag ncig, zoo. Tham txog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntuj - tsis yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntseeg. Nws yuav tsum kam nrog nqaij daim tawv yam, qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg xav tau. Tig mus rau txoj kev ntseeg ntuj, ib tug yuav tsum nrhiav ib lo lus teb mus rau feem ntau pressing cov lus nug. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no hom ntawm kev xav, Erasmus ntseeg hais tias dialogues ntawm Socrates. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Cov kev pab cuam ntawm tham," nws sau hais tias cov kev txawj ntse ntawm lub ancient philosopher yuam kom nqis los saum ntuj ceeb tsheej thiab ua neej nyob nrog cov neeg. Qhov ntawd yog txoj cai - nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si, xws li banquets thiab kev noj kev haus - yuav tsum sib tham txog cov sublime. Cov kev sib tham siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv godly cim. Yog tsis yog hais tias tus Tswv tau hais rau Nws cov thwj tim?

Cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm txawv kev cai

Nws satirical risible tej lus qhia Erazm Rotterdamsky yog feem ntau yog muab piv rau "Silenus Alkviada" - dab tuag Terracotta figurines, uas yog muab zais rau hauv cov amazing kev zoo nkauj thiab proportionality saum ntawm cov gods. Qhov no txhais tau tias tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm nws cov nqe lus yuav tsum tau coj lus. Yog hais tias nws hais tias hais tias cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg - yog akin rau stupidity, tus sau yuav tsum tsis txhob muab rau ib tug neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws tsuas ntseeg hais tias nws yog incompatible nrog lub thiaj li hu ua kev kawm txawj ntse. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm "xilethi-aus kev chim" Cov neeg muaj peev xwm txuas lus nrog Vajtswv, yam tsawg kawg yog ib tug nyuag pliag. Yog li ntawd Erazm Rotterdamsky kev txaus cai los mus txhim kho cov kev ancient sawv nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg ntsuj plig. Txawm li cas los, nws yog deb ntawm ua, zoo li Luther, hla lub Rubicon thiab tsis lees paub lub Koom Txoos txiv thiab tus Vaj lig kev cai. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, raws li cov Reformers, nws hu rau ib tug rov qab mus rau lub hnub ntawm cov thwj tim thiab thwj tim ntawm tus Cawm Seej. Tab sis lub philosophy ntawm Tswv Yexus tau nws tus ncej txheem. Lawv tseem muaj ib tug tiag tiag tib neeg ntawm lub Renaissance hom. Yog, Erasmus thiab cem rhuav txoj kev Catholic txiv plig thiab monastic thiaj nws tus kheej, uas, raws li tus sau, ib tug kab mob nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Tswv Yexus thiab cov neeg stupidity. Nws kuj (tab sis yog covertly) hais txog cov inadmissibility ua tsov ua rog thiab kev kub ntxhov nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev ntseeg. Tsis tau tshaj cov Catholic kev lig kev cai tsis tau mus.

Christian tib neeg ntawm Erasmus

Nws yog ib lub purification ntawm ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv no tshiab theology. Yog, ib tug neeg yuav los ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm lub ntug, raws li hu ua los ntawm lub Italian humanists. Tab sis kom paub no tagnrho, nws yuav tsum mus piv rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg, kom nws ua tiag tiag thiab pib xyaum Khetos. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav ua li cas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm tus Creator. Tab sis Erasmus niaj hnub tus txiv neej, raws li kuv xav tias cov neeg sau, raws li tau zoo raws li tag nrho cov tsev tsim los ntawm nws, xws li hauv lub xeev thiab lub Koom Txoos, tsis tau deb heev los ntawm no zoo tagnrho. Christianity yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ib tug continuation ntawm lub pursuit ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ancient philosophers. Tsis txhob lawv ua si nrog cov tswv yim ntawm ib tug universal kev ntseeg uas yuav ua rau lub ntiaj teb no kev pom zoo? Christianity yog tsuas lub ntuj thaum xaus ntawm lawv dee. Vim hais tias lub nceeg vaj saum ntuj ceeb tsheej nyob rau hauv qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov Erasmus - yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li Plato 's koom pheej, qhov twg tag nrho cov uas yog zoo nkauj, uas tsim lub Lwm Haiv Neeg, tus Tswv tau khaws. Nws txawm qhia ceeb rau cov sij hawm lub tswv yim uas tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv yog npaum li cas wider tshaj nws yog txais mus hais lus. Thiab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg Vajtswv yog heev ntau ntawm cov neeg uas lub tsev teev ntuj canonized no absented. Txawm nws philosophy ntawm Khetos Erazm Rotterdamsky hu lub rooj txhawb siab. Los ntawm no nws txhais tau tias tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov thawj coj dawb huv ntawm lub Koom Txoos, tab sis kuj ntawm tib neeg qhov, uas yog tsim Ameslikas zoo. Thiab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm nws tus Creator ua lub ntiaj teb no, hais tias peb yuav tsum txaus siab rau. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm Erasmus tsis pom zoo tsis tau tsuas yog Catholic sau phau ntawv, tab sis feem ntau Protestant xav. Lawv sib tham ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab tib neeg meej mom yog heev instructive thiab qhia tias txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev tau pom qhov sib txawv kev seevcev ntawm peb tus cwj pwm.