Berlin Congress ntawm 1878

Cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog ntawm Lavxias los ntawm Lavxias teb sab-ua tsov rog, uas tau tshwm sim hauv 1877-1878, yuam kom tsoom fwv Turkish xa lawv cov tub ceev xwm los txiav txim siab. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kos npe ntawm Berlin Treaty.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Treaty ntawm San Stefano twb tsim ib qho kev ywj lub xeev - lub Great Bulgaria, uas nws lub teb chaws ncua los ntawm cov Dub hiav txwv mus rau lub hiav txwv Aegean. Qaib ntxhw tau thim tag nrho nws cov tub rog los ntawm nws. Rau Russia rov qab av Akkerman koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Bessarabia, uas tau raug tshem tawm nyob rau hauv 1856 nyob rau Paris kev sib haum xeeb Treaty, thiab Izmail koog tsev kawm ntawv. Ntxiv mus, nws muab rau cov nyiaj rov qab txhua tus tub rog. Txawm li cas los, lub Berlin Congress tsis tau muab lub sijhawm rau siv tag nrho cov txheej xwm Lavxias teb sab kabmob.

Nyob rau hauv ces thiab Austria-Hungary xws li tej yam kev mob tshwm sim los ua tsuj heev. Txij li thaum lub zog ntawm Constantinople thiab lub Straits yog England lub sij hawm ntev-npau suav, nws yuav tsis cia cov Russians rau outstrip lawv tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, British tsoom fwv ntshai tsam tias lub xam ntawm Bulgaria nyob rau hauv nws cheeb tsam ntawm lub zog yuav pab Russia ua ib tug zoo Mediterranean hwj chim. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm tias tsoom fwv British tsis paub txog cov xwm txheej hauv lub ntiaj teb li siv tau.

Tib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab phem raug coj los ntawm Austria-Hungary, tau pib qhov kev hloov ntawm cov tub rog mus rau Lavxias teb sab ciam teb. Ua ke nrog teb chaws Aas Kiv, lawv thov kom hloov mus rau cov lus nug "ntawm txhua lub hauv paus ntawm kev thaj yeeb", kom Berlin Congress yuav xav txog lawv ntawm lub rooj sab laj thoob ntiaj teb. Zog ntawm Guj kuj pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug xav ua kom tau qhov teeb meem no, vim hais tias tsov rog yog brewing nrog hais yuav ua rau catastrophic txim, thiab kev cia siab rau kev pab los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees twb nyob rau hauv vain, txawm lub fact tias nws yog Bismarck incited Russia ua tsov ua rog nrog qaib ntxhw. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshwm sim yog Berlin Congress, uas tau teeb tsa hauv xyoo 1878.

Lub Rau Hli 13, 1878 hauv Berlin, tau qhib lub rooj sablaj thoob ntiaj teb. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau lub teb chaws nram qab no: Russia, Tebchaws Yelemes, Hais, Qaib Cov Txwv, Austria-Hungary, Ltalis, Balkan xeev thiab Fabkis. "Thawj Coj" yog, tau kawg, Bismarck.

Lub koom txoos tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov nyuaj heev. Lub Treaty ntawm Berlin tau kos npe nkaus xwb ib lub hlis tom qab qhib ntawm lub rooj sib tham.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub Congress tau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm Anglo-Lavxias teb sab, cov ciam teb ntawm Bulgaria tsis tau hais meej meej. Lub sijhawm no tseem ceeb heev rau tag nrho cov neeg tuaj koom rau hauv lub rooj sib txoos, raws li cov Balkan dhau mus muaj ib qho kev lag luam tseem ceeb heev.

Askiv, thiab nrog nws Austria-Hungary, tsis yog tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, ua tiav cov kev hloov loj hauv cov kev cai ntawm San Stefan Treaty, tab sis qhov no tsis tshua muaj unprofitable rau cov neeg Slavic. Lub Berlin treatise tau hais tias lub Swedish principality yuav ywj siab, tab sis vassal, raug txwv rau lub roob Bulgarian. Cov yav qab teb ib feem ntawm tus tau txais ib nrab autonomy thaum uas seem ib feem ntawm lub Ottoman Empire. Lwm qhov tshwm sim yog qhov xa rov qab ntawm Macedonia mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm Turkey.

Berlin Congress ntawm 1878 lees paus qhov ywj pheej ntawm Romania, Serbia thiab Montenegro. Austria-Hungary tom qab cov kev sib tham tau txais txoj cai nyob rau hauv Herzegovina thiab Bosnia, thiab Austro-Hungarian troops raug tsim los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov xeev no. Yog li, lub hwj chim xav kom tiv thaiv kev koom ua ke ntawm Slavic lub xeev nyob sib ze. Kev tswj hla lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Montenegro kuj tau muab rau Austria-Hungary. Kev txhawb nqa uas raug yuam rau ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, tsis yeem mus rau 300 lab rub. Russia tau tsuas yog Kardagan, Batum thiab Kare, Bayazet rov qab rau Qaib ntxhw.

Berlin Congress redrew hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub Balkan ceg av qab teb , thiab yog li muab ntxiv rau ntau cov teeb meem no daim av tshaj lub zuag qhia tag nrho thoob ntiaj teb teeb meem no tau aggravated. Txawm tom qab kev ywj pheej, lub xeev Balkan tsis tau tso tseg nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw uas tus poj yawm txwv nyob sab Europe tau sib tw.