Puas muaj "Decree on Lesson Years" thiab leej twg yog tus sau phau ntawv tseeb?

Muaj yog ib tug keeb kwm kev xav hais tias, nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm serfdom thaum kawg plunged Lavxias teb sab Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, muaj luam tawm ib daim ntawv hu ua "Decree rau lub sij hawm tsis pub tshaj xyoo." Nws ua suab tsis tau tag nrho cov neeg ploj ntawm txoj cai rau kev ywj pheej, xa cov neeg mus rau hauv cov qhev qhev, ib hom kev ua hauj lwm zoo li cov nyuj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm "kev cai" tsuas yog ploj, thiab cov lus qhia txog nws cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj neeg sib txawv. Qhov feem ntau plausible version ntawm keeb kwm historians sib cav rau ib-paus xyoo.

Lub tswv yim lees txais teb chaws tau lees paub

Raws li keeb kwm cov phau ntawv, cov "Decree rau lub sij hawm tsis pub tshaj xyoo" tau kos npe nyob rau hauv 1597, nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4 rau cov Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cai lij choj no yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov teeb meem uas tsim hauv xeev. Ua ntej xyoo ntawd, tau ua raws li txoj cai, raws li kev cai lij choj, raws li lub sijhawm ua ntej lub Kaum Ib Hlis 26 (St. George lub Koom Txoos hnub caiv) thiab xya hnub tom qab hnub ntawd, txhua tus tub ceev xwm yuav thim nws txoj cai, tshaj tawm nws qhov kev xav thiab them tus tswv tsev them tus nqi them ("elderly ") Rau hauv lub ruble los ntawm silver. Tus nqi tseem ceeb rau cov sij hawm no, tab sis cov neeg pluag, nrhiav kev ywj pheej, sim zwm nws. Qhov tshwm sim no tau tshwm sim rau ib qho loj heev. Dhau li, feem ntau, thaum tsis tau nyiaj txiag tau nyiaj, qee cov neeg ua haujlwm tsuas yog khiav tawm. Raws li qhov tau txais kev pom zoo, lub "Decree on Lesson Years" txwv cov neeg ploj mus tawm ntawm cov tswv tsev. Tab sis qhov no nws qhov kev tsis txaus siab tsis yog qhov txwv. Nws tsis txaus kom cia li khiav ntawm tus ascas disgraced. Lub "Decree on Lesson Years" tau tsim ib lub sij hawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, thaum lub sij hawm tus tswv yuav rov qab mus nws tus tub qhe - tsib xyoos.

"Decree" version thiab nws cov kab txawv

Vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau tus kws sau keeb kwm txog tib yam li rau ib tus kws kho mob-qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov kev sim ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus theoretical. Muaj ob lub ntsiab versions ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm enslavement ntawm Lavxias teb sab peasantry. Raws li thawj (hu ua "ukaznoy"), nws tau tshwm sim nruj heev raws li kev cai lij choj cov cai ntawm lub xyoo pua rau xyoo. Qhov "Decree on Lesson Years" tau kos npe, thiab los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd ... Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav no kuj muaj ramifications. Raws li V. N. Tatischeva daim ntawv no muaj txij li thaum 1592, thiab nws tsis yog tus sau Fyodor Ivanovich, thiab Boris Godunov. Daim ntawv poob, thiab pom thiab tsis tuaj yeem. Tab sis nws yog.

Qhov yog "decree version" yog qhov tseeb, tab sis suffers los ntawm ib tug ntau lwm yam uas yog tus cwj pwm ntawm ntau keeb kwm theories. Nws yog ua kom tiav ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi, tsuas yog lawv, rov qab. Yuav tsum muaj ib tsab cai, uas yog txhua yam. Thiab qhov twg nws yog - qhov no yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Me ntsis ua li ntawd tau tshwm sim rau daim ntawv rau ntau tshaj plaub lub xyoo ua kom tshwm sim ...

Thiab puas muaj ib txoj cai?

Kev hloov ntawm "Decree" ntawm kev hloov hauv pej xeem lub neej hauv lub tebchaws yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub npe ntawm daim ntawv tsis hais txog hauv cov ntawv thov ntawm cov tswv tsev rov qab "khoom" los ntawm lawv. Nws yuav zoo li cov tswv yim, xav tau los nrhiav thiab xa ib tug neeg ua haujlwm tub rog, xa mus rau qhov tsar qhov "Decree on Lessons of the Year." Nws puas yog? Tom qab tag nrho, ces daim ntawv thov yuav tsis yog ib qho kev thov ntawm tus kheej xwb, tab sis daim ntawv thov rau kev ua raws li txoj cai. Tab sis cov tswv tsev tsis tau hais txog qhov kev cai tsov rog, uas tau xaiv los muab cov lus qhia ntau dua.

Nov yog rau koj, pog, thiab St. George's Day

Nyob rau tam sim no, daim ntawv sau tsuas lees paub txog lub neej ntawm tsarist yuav materialized ntawm daim ntawv yog tsab ntawv ntawm lub Novgorod monks, nyob rau hauv uas lawv xa mus rau ib tug decree raws li uas "tsis muaj txoj kev tawm" mus rau peasants thiab bobyls. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ob hnub thiab tus neeg sau tsab cai lij choj ua tsis tau paub txog. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau attribute nws creation rau Tsar Feodor unequivocally. Firstly, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws reign tau coj lub teb chaws "gray Regent" Godunov, thiab hais tias nws yuav thawb no PatientsÕ teg num. Secondly, muaj tiag tiag tiag tiag tiag thaj chaw rau piv txwv tias yog tias daim ntawv nws tus kheej tshwm sim tsib xyoos nyuam qhuav pib, thiab ces nws raug rhuav tshem (kab tias txhob txwm tshaj tawm) los ntawm Borisovskaya nws tus kheej (los yog thaum nws pov tseg). Thirdly, nws yog heev tau hais tias "tseg cai" tau txais los ntawm Ivan Vasilyevich, tab sis nkag mus rau hauv kev cai lij choj quab yuam tom qab. Dua li ntawm tag nrho cov versions, qhov tseeb tseem nyob: Yuryev lub hnub raug rhuav tshem nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm XVI caug xyoo, thiab cov qoob loo tau poob cov cai uas lawv tau muaj yav dhau los.