Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy: qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim

Philosophy, kev txawj ntse science, tau pom nws tej hauv paus ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm antiquity. Basic ntsiab txog cov possibilities thiab txoj kev ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ancient Greek philosophy. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm yuav tsum tau paub triad ntawm thesis-antithesis-synthesis.

Thesis - meej daim ntawv qhia, peculiar rau no cov keeb kwm lub sij hawm.

Antithesis - negation thawj ntsiab cai los ntawm kev nrhiav contradictions nyob rau ntawd.

Synthesis - lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab theem ntawm cov keeb kwm ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev xav.

Lub logic yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav, thiab nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm tsim ntawm lub tswvyim, cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tej yam keeb kwm daim ntawv, seb nws yuav lub tsev kawm ntawv los yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm sustainable kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Rau cov keeb kwm lub sij hawm thaum tsim Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy, nws twb yus pro-materialist mus kom ze rau cognition. Pythagorean lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub cev xwm ntawm cov thawj ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim sib cav yog tsim nws tus kheej qhia Elis.

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy: lus qhuab qhia

Nyob rau hauv 570 BC Greek philosopher Xenophanes tsis kam muab yam ntxwv ntawm no era ntawm polytheistic lus qhuab qhia ntawm Vajtswv thiab muaj pov thawj lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm kev sib sau ntawm raug. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai tau raug li qhia siv kuj tsim ntxiv los ntawm nws cov tub kawm, thiab cov kev taw qhia nkag mus hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science raws li lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy. Luv luv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txoj kev qhia yuav tsum sau ua ke nyob rau hauv cov nram no theses:

• Chiv Keeb ib.
• Plurality yog tsis reducible mus rau ib tug tib illusory.
• Kev tsis muab txhim khu kev qha kev txawj ntse ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Cov lus qhuab qhia Eliyskih cov neeg sawv cev yuav tsis raug muab tso rau hauv ib tug txhais theses. Nws yog ntau richer. Tej kev qhia - nws yog ib tug nyob txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm qhov tseeb los yog falsity ntawm cov lus sib liam nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm uas twb muaj lawm kev. Thaum philosophical mus kom ze nyob rau hauv kev to taub qhov xwm thiab zej zog yog ua raws li ib tug lub tswv yim, nws ua ib tug teeb meem ntawm kev txawj xav thiab ntxiv negation.

exegetics

Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug tej yam style ntawm txhais ntawm views, hu ua exegesis. Nws kuj, raws li nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm, yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai, txoj kev xav era, tus neeg sau txoj kev mus kom ze soj ntsuam. Yog li ntawd, lub philosophy thiab tsis tau canonized, vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas yog kev xav, tsis muaj hnav nyob rau hauv cov lus, tam sim ntawd poob lawv cov kev cai hais txog negation. Cov tib lus qhuab qhia yog hloov nws cov ntsiab lus los ntawm ntau yam paradigms.

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy, qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim uas tau txhais txawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm sij hawm, lub pov thawj ntawm no qhov tseeb. Tseem ceeb tselessoobraznost piv paradigm, nyob rau hauv uas qhov tsis muaj txoj kev tshawb no, thiab yog cov hom phiaj heev ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub phenomenon.

Lub ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy - ib tug keeb kwm era xav, koom los ntawm ib tug ntau txoj ntsiab cai, thiab extrapolating nws mus rau substantively txwv cheeb tsam ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse: kev ntseeg, haiv neeg thiab hauv lub xeev. Ib txhia historians muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov philosopher Xenophanes, lwm leej lwm tus txwv tsis pub nws cov peb successors. Tag nrho cov keeb kwm le caag yog zaum. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm raug formulated los ntawm Xenophanes ntawm Colophon, tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug - nws yog Vajtswv governs lub ntug los ntawm nws kev xav.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Philosophy: Parmenides, Zeno thiab Melissa, tsim lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sau, mus explicate nws nyob rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm qhov, kev xav thiab kev ntseeg. Lawv yog cov successors ntawm lub Pythagorean lus qhuab qhia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tseem ceeb heev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim sib cav ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub ntiaj teb no, formulated lub antithesis ntawm cov xwm ntawm raug thiab cov metaphysical qhov xwm ntawm yam. Qhov no yog lub pib taw tes rau cov nram qab tsev kawm ntawv thiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm philosophy. Dab tsi "ib qhov"? Thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua ua los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv?

Abstracts tsev kawm ntawv qhia

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ancient philosophy, rau cov uas qeb ntawm Chiv Keeb tau los ua ib tug central tswvyim ntawm kev qhia tsim lub postulate ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm zoo li qub thiab immutability. Qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev paub muaj rau lub siab, nyob rau hauv cov kev tsim ib tug misconception txog cov khoom xwm - yog li qhia rau cov Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy. Parmenides tswvcuab lub tswvyim ntawm "Lub neej", uas tau ua central rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm philosophical thiaj.

Cov kev cai tsim los ntawm Zeno nyob rau hauv nws feem ntau fabled "Aporia", nrhiav tau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm contradiction nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm paub txog qhov plurality thiab variability ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Melissa, nyob rau hauv nws treatise rau qhov ntawm tag nrho cov views sau ua ke predecessors thiab coj lawv raws li ib tug dogmatic lus qhuab qhia hu ua "elleyskogo".

Parmenides ntawm Xwm

Parmenides ntawm Elea yog ntawm noble yug, nws morality pom tau hais tias cov pej xeem, txaus nws hais tias nws yog ib tug legislator rau hauv nws txoj cai. Tus thawj lub sij hawm ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv sau tau nws ua hauj lwm "Nyob rau Xwm". Lub tswv yim sib cav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no peculiar rau lub Pythagoreans, yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tseem ceeb heev lus qhuab qhia ntawm Parmenides, thiab nws tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib sau nyob rau hauv lub ntau yam teb ntawm kev txawj ntse.

Pythagorean thesis txog kev nrhiav ib tug hluas hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Xwm, Parmenides postulated antithesis ntawm raug thiab cov multiplicity ntawm illusory tswv yim hais txog qhov xwm ntawm yam. Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy yog sau ua ke nyob rau hauv nws treatise.

Lawv twb tau qhib lub postulate ntawm muaj kuab paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Sab nraud xaav ntawm kev muaj tiag, raws li nws qhia, unreliable, tsuas los ntawm ib tug neeg neeg txoj kev kawm. "Tus txiv neej yog cov kev ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov" - ib tug naas ej hais tias ntawm Parmenides. Nws qhia tau hais tias cov kev txwv ntawm tus kheej kev kawm txawj thiab cov impossibility ntawm tej yam kev txawj ntse, los ntawm koj tus kheej vopriyatiya.

Zeno

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Zeno ntawm Elea, twb paub tseeb hais tias Parmenides txog cov impossibility to taub txog cov xwm ntawm kev hloov, zog thiab discontinuity. Nws cites lub 40 paradoxes - insoluble contradictions nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso phenomena.

Cuaj ntawm cov aporias hitherto yog qhov kev kawm ntawm kev sib tham thiab sib cav tswv yim. dichotomy hauv paus ntsiab lus, uas underlies lub zog nyob rau hauv lub paradoxes ntawm "Xub" tsis tso cai rau cov boom rau ntes mus nrog tus vaub kib ... Cov paradoxes yog cov kev kawm ntawm tsom xam ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Aristotle.

Melissa

Ib tug kawm ntawm Zeno, Parmenides 'thwj tim, cov Greek philosopher muaj txhab lub tswvyim ntawm ua mus rau theem ntawm lub ntug thiab cov thawj mus tsa cov nqe lus nug ntawm nws infinity nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. Muaj tswvyim hais tias nws tus kheej tham nrog Heraclitus. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub zoo-paub materialist ancient Greece, tsis paub txog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub ntiaj teb no, nws tsis pom zoo rau hauv qeb ntawm cov lus tsa suab thiab hloov raws li lub hauv paus rau lub rov tshwm sim thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tej yam.

"Yog" nyob rau hauv nws txhais lus ntawm cov nyob mus ib txhis, yeej ib txwm tau, tej yam uas uas tsis tshwm sim thiab tsis ploj. Nyob rau hauv nws treatise ua ke views ntawm predecessors, thiab sab laug lub ntiaj teb no cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub Eleatics nyob rau hauv dogmatic daim ntawv.

Followers ntawm lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophy, yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv uas lub Eleatic lus qhuab qhia los ua tus pib taw tes, lub tswv yim sib cav rau lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm philosophical thought. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Parmenides nyob rau views nyob rau hauv lub dialogues ntawm Socrates, thiab tom qab ntawd los ua lub hauv paus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm sophistry lus qhuab qhia. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm raug thiab nothingness yog lub hauv paus rau Plato lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tswv yim. Zeno yog cov kev kawm kuj zoo kawg thiab Aristotle kawm lub sib xws ntawm kev xav thiab lub impetus rau sau ib multi-volume "logic".

Tus nqi rau cov dab neeg philosophy

Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Greek philosophy yog tseem ceeb rau lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm philosophical xav hais tias nws yog nws tus thawj lub sij hawm qhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub hauv paus qeb ntawm lub philosophy ntawm "Genesis", raws li zoo raws li txoj kev ntawm muaj kuab kom to taub ntawm cov tswvyim no.

Lub npe hu ua "txiv ntawm logic", lub ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle tom qab hu ua Zeno thawj dialectician. Dialectics - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev sib sau ntawm opposites, nyob rau hauv lub XVIII tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm tus vib this los ntawm philosophical paub. Nws yog ua tsaug rau tus Eleatics muaj thawj tsa lus nug txog qhov tseeb ntawm muaj kuab paub thiab unreliability ntawm lub tswv yim raws li nyob rau hauv tus kheej kev txiav txim thiab kev sim xaav ntawm kev muaj tiag.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom qab, classical, lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev kawm tus cwj pwm kev ua thiab xav li qhov yooj yim philosophical pawg nws tau los ua ib tug universal hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li qhov uas tau tshwm sim delineation ntawm ontology thiab epistemology.

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm philosophical xav li cas txog cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj, los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm kev loj hlob, lub caij ntawm kev txawj ntse, es tshaj cov lus teb rau cov lus nug nrhiav. Txij li thaum cov nqe lus nug yeej ib txwm ntsiab lus rau cov kev txwv ntawm peb muaj peev xwm, thiab yog li ntawd lub zeem muag ntawm ib tug muaj kuab nrhiav.