Consumer surplus - dab tsi yog qhov no? Yuav ua li cas yog neeg seem thiab tsim?

Feem ntau rau ib tug khoom, peb yeej npaj them ntau tshaj li qhov nws yuav ua tau tsim nyog, vim peb tej yam ntuj tso kev xav tau thiab kev ntshaw. Zoo li peb muaj peev xwm ua ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub caij nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm ib noj qab nyob zoo kev ua lag luam, uas peb sib tham txog hauv qab no.

Yuav ua li cas tus neeg muas zaub xav tau kev pab?

Nws yog yooj yim to taub li cas yuav muab ib tug seem ntawm tus neeg, yog hais tias tsis to taub tsav tsheb quab yuam rau qhov no tshwm sim - thov. Sawv daws yeej paub ntawm nyiaj txiag kev tshawb xav hais tias cov tom kawg yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo, vim hais tias tsuas yog los ntawm nws yog generated los ntawm lub tswv yim, thiab, ntsig txog, thiab qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub tswv yim Circuit Court thiab cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam noj.

Tsis yig hais tias lub lag luam yog tsav los ntawm cov kev pab uas, nyob rau hauv lem, thaum xaiv ib purchase raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam.

Leej twg yuav tsis hais tias, tab sis cov thawj tsav quab yuam ntawm cov kev ua ntawm ib yam ntawm cov buyer - yog tshwj xeeb yog nyiam. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tau nce hais tias nws tsis xav tau, yog li txhua leej txhua tus yog repelled los ntawm lawv tus kheej xav tau kev pab.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob theem, lub buyer maximizes tus usefulness thiab efficiency ntawm nws nrhiav tau, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov closer koj lub siab xav mus equilibrium cov nqe lus ntawm "nqi-zoo".

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, yuav tsis muaj tsis muaj ib tug sib piv ntawm lawv lub siab nyiam nrog lawv tib yam nyiaj txiag muaj peev xwm, zoo, qhov no implies yam nram qab no: - tus nqi ntawm cov khoom los yog kev pab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub tswv yim hloov cov khoom los ntawm lwm manufacturers.

Tam sim no peb muaj peev xwm teb lo lus nug ua ntej lawm: tau txais kev pab yuav tsum tau qhov khoom coj mus rau nws raws li ib tug meej pem thiab subconscious cov txheej xwm, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv ob lub ras thiab tsis nco qab yam.

Raws li ib tug neeg feem ntau coj?

Yog li ntawd, peb pom tau hais dab tsi hauv paus cov los yog lwm yam kev ua ntawm lub buyer, tab sis qhov no zoo li nyob rau hauv kev xyaum? Obviously, lub peev xwm buyer yuav txaus siab nyob rau hauv tib yam khoom los ntawm ob peb cov neeg muag khoom nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tom qab lub purchase nws tsuas yog ib qho los yog ua tsis tau ua ib purchase ntawm tag nrho cov. Yog vim li cas yog no mas?

Qhov tseeb hais tias feem ntau cov buyer xav thiab xav tau kev pab yog muaj kuab cim, thiab txhua tus txiav txim seb tus usefulness ntawm ib tug purchase rau koj tus kheej los yog rau koj tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua tus mej zeej tau nws tus kheej thov pib ntawm nyiaj txiag xyuas, thiab yog hais tias ib tug khoom tsis muaj tus yam, muaj yog tsis yog tau them rau nws siab dhau heev lawm ib tug nqi.

Feem ntau ib tug neeg tab tom nrhiav rau ib yam khoom rau ib tug txo nqi, tab sis hais tias tsis tau txhais hais tias nws yuav tsum raug txom nyem. Ntawm no koj yuav khiav mus rau hauv ib tug me ntsis ua ntej thiab sau hais tias cov neeg siv surplus - tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj, uas yog qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi lub buyer yog txaus siab them, thiab ib tug uas nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag them. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - Kuv pom zoo tib yam khoom txo nqi los ntawm lwm lub retailer.

Consumer thiab ua lag luam

Tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov neeg seem yog feem ntau ib tug ib txwm caij ntawm lub lag luam, qhov twg muaj kuj Cheebtsam xws li mov thiab thov.

Nyob rau hauv raws li cov saum toj no, peb yuav xaus uas lub siab xav ntawm cov buyer thiab lub sijhawm mus yuav ib tug khoom los yog kev pab cuam rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm thiab yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev thov. Cov yav tas yog nyob ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam: socio-cultural thiab demographic ntsuas ntawm lub lag luam, lub kev khwv nyiaj theem ntawm cov pejxeem, qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom muag muaj, neeg sib tw 'cov khoom, thiab nws cov nqi.

Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov kev thov ua num ua ke nrog lub tswv yim, uas kuj yog nyob ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm sab nraud socio-cultural yam, raws li tau zoo raws li hauv. Cov yav tas muaj xws li cov kev tsim theem ntawm kev noj thiab cov competitiveness ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi nws - tus neeg seem?

Zoo no peb maj tau txais mus rau hauv lub tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm, hais txog qhov uas peb yuav hais yog tsim txawv causal kev ntawm lub lag luam. Yog li, lub seem ntawm tus neeg - nws yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas nyiaj, npaum li cas yog nyob rau hauv koj lub hnab tshos tom qab ib tug muab tshaaj, txawm tias koj twb mus siv rau lawv.

Peb yeej paub tias cov qhia txog nyiaj txiag kev tshawb xav rau cov kev cai tswj rau theem ntawm kev usefulness ntawm tej yam kev pab cuam rau cov pejxeem units. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav ib cov kua, thiab koj yuav ib tug kilo, ces txhua txhua txiv hmab txiv ntoo noj los ntawm nws cov usefulness rau koj yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm tsis zoo xam kev vam meej.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws uas koj yuav tau them rau ib tug noj kua, yuav tsum tau, rau cov piv txwv, 5 rubles, thaum tsis nco qab txog tias uas kawm ib unit nqi koj muaj yuav raug muab txo. Nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam ua koj mus mus los yuav cov khoom ntawm 2 rubles ib muaj ib tug txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab hais tias yog qhov txawv ntawm koj tag nrho thiab cov muaj nqi yuav tsum neeg seem. Cov mis ntawm kev xam ntawm qhov ntsuas yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, peb yuav tsum to taub li cas no tshwm sim muaj peev xwm muaj kev cuam tshuam.

Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas nyiaj yuav tau txais tus neeg?

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias surplus ntawm cov neeg - nws tsis yog tsuas yog tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj, nws yog feem ntau nws tus kheej profit. Rau piv txwv piv txwv depict ib lub teeb raws li nkhaus TU depict tus puas-hloov theem ntawm usefulness ntawm peb Kua, zoo, taw qhia S yuav tham txog cov ntaub ntawv uas cov nqi, ncaj q yuav qhia tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Peb pom hais tias cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj nqi hluav taws xob theem coincides nrog tus nqi tsuas yog rau ib qhov nqi ntawm kev thov (q _0), thiab ces lub kaum sab xis yog nyob rau poob, nws hais tias tus seem ntawm tus neeg, los ntawm kev uas taw tes rau, loj hlob tuaj.

Yog li, peb yuav xaus uas lub siab lub nce nkhaus ntawm indifference tshaj lub cim kov cov indicators, As, qhov ntau profit lub buyer yuav tau txais los ntawm lub tswv yim lw, thiab nws yuav tsum tau mus ntsib lawv lwm yam xav tau kev pab cov nyiaj.

Consumer surplus nyob rau tom qab ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua lag luam

Yog li ntawd, peb kawm tau li cas qhov txawv ntawm cov kev tsim thiab lub sij nqi them nyiaj rau qhov no los yog hais tias cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm ib qho kev neeg. Thiab tam sim no cia saib, yuav ua li cas yuav saib cov sau ua ib pawg ua lag luam neeg seem. Lub teeb hauv qab no, cov ntsug axis qhia tus nqi ntawm peb apples (P), thiab cov kab rov tav - tus xov tooj (Q). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cim P ₀ qhia cov theem ntawm ntau kev ua lag luam tus nqi ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau nruab nrab.

Los ntawm analogy thim nqi hluav taws xob curves raws axis ntawm tus nqi (rau txhua tus neeg lawv yog tus neeg) thiab txhais tias yog cov duab ntxoo daim duab cov nyiaj khwv tau txhua qhua tuaj noj mov.

Nyob rau hauv lub duab sawv cev, txhua yam yog yooj yim thiab tseeb - muaj ib tug tej yam duab, thiab nws yog ib yam kev tivthaiv, tab sis yuav ua li cas nrhiav tau tus neeg seem? Cov mis yog heev yooj yim: peb yuav tsum tau los mus laij lub cheeb tsam ntawm txhua daim duab, zoo tom qab saib lub ntsab lug cov nuj nqis uas tau. Qhov kawg daim duab yuav ua tau tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm buyers rau lub lag luam raws li ib tug tag nrho apples.

Consumer thiab tsim kom muaj surplus

Yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog tus cwj pwm yam ntawm lub buyer, nws yuav tsis tsim nyog tsis txhob nco qab tej ntsiab lus neeg muag khoom cwj pwm yam. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias tus neeg thiab tsim kom muaj surplus - txog ntsuas thiab yog tsis ntshai hais interdependent. Cov yav tas yog hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj ntsuab uas cov neeg muag khoom tau npaj kom tau tawm ntawm lub deal, thiab ua tau hais.

Lub teeb hauv qab no qhia cov kab ncaj nraim D ntawm tus nqi lub buyer yog txaus siab them, thiab cov kab S qhia cov nqi uas yog muaj los ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Thaum ib tug taw tes lawv tshuam (qhov deal yog), zoo tsaus cov vajvoos peb sab (sab saum toj thiab hauv qab, ntsig txog) qhia tias tus uas ua cov kev pab cuam tau txais kev pab thiab tus nqi ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua loj muag khoom ntshaw.

Yuav ua li cas mus cuag kev ua lag luam equilibrium?

Yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias rau tej tus neeg tham lwm buyer thiab cov neeg muag khoom thov lawv tseem tuaj koom nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam nqi thiab ntau point mus ua ib tug deal? Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas, txhua leej txhua yog zoo siab - ib tug neeg tau nyiaj tau los, zoo, ib tug neeg kom los siav lawv xav tau kev pab, thiab tej zaum, yog hais tias nws tso cai rau cov nyiaj txiag txoj kev npaj, nws kuj yuav muaj ib tug seem ntawm tus neeg, uas kuj yog ib tug zoo lawm, vim hais tias cov nyiaj no yog tshuav !

Tag nrho cov no tshwm sim rau yog vim li cas hais tias peb kev ua lag luam yog inelastic, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tej sensitive thov txheeb ze muab, cov khoom zoo thiab them tus nqi. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb yuav hais tias kev yuav hwj chim ntawm ntau npaum li cas elastic thiab adaptable rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lwm yam, sai npaum li cas tshaj lub peev xwm ntawm cov neeg muag khoom.

Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus apples ib zaug kom sawv, qhov kev thov rau ib lub sij hawm rau lub caij nplooj zeeg me ntsis, tab sis tom qab rov qab los, tab sis yog cov nyiaj ua se cai hais txog kev purchase ntawm apples yuav tsum tau sib txawv los ntawm tus tsim xyuas kom meej tias tau lawv trading tagnrho, uas yuav yuav tsum tau ntau lub sij hawm.

Consumer seem thiab rau lub xeev

Tej zaum nws tshwm sim hais tias lub xeev intervenes nyob rau hauv lub pricing txheej txheem (feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog tsoom fwv ntawm npaj kev khwv nyiaj txiag) , thiab teev ib tug pib tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb (saib. Hauv qab no) raws li cov kab ncaj nraim P ₁ muaj tsoom fwv txheej txwv uas yog hauv qab no lub equilibrium nqi. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntawm chav kawm, tus neeg muas zaub profits yuav muaj ntau yam ntau dua li ua ntej, tab sis tej zaum yuav muaj tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom, uas graphically depicts lub luv Q ₁ - Q _2.

Li no lub xaus hais tias tej cuam ntawm ib tug thib peb quab yuam entails ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub noj qab haus huv ntawm cov pejxeem, vim ib feem ntawm nws yuav tsum sab laug yam tsis cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev ua lag luam kev yuav tsum tau cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov buyer thiab muag khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug noj qab nyob zoo kev sib tw ib puag ncig, thiab tsis npaum li cas ntxiv.