Cov chav kawm ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob. IP-chaw nyob ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv A, B, C

IP - yog ib tug raws tu qauv, uas yog siv los ntawm feem ntau me me network ntawm ob pab kiag li lawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb no lus qhia network. IP-qhov chaw nyob - ib tug tshwj xeeb qhia tau rau ib tug node (ntaus), faib mus rau ib tug tej yam network.

Rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj IP-qhov chaw nyob

Chaw nyob zoo li ib tug 32-ntsis tooj nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 0 mus 4294967295. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thoob plaws lub Internet tej zaum yuav muaj ntau tshaj 4 billion cim chaw nyob kiag chaw. Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv chaw nyob nyob rau hauv binary los yog zauv daim ntawv no, nws ua rau lawv tsis xis nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev cim los yog ua. Yog li ntawd, mus piv rau kev sau ntawv ntawm cov chaw nyob, nws twb txiav txim siab los sib faib ib tug tag nrho cov chaw nyob rau hauv cov plaub octets (8-ntsis tooj), sib cais los ntawm ib tug teev. Piv txwv li: qhov chaw nyob uas nyob rau hauv Hex zoo li S0290612, cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv IP-chaw nyob yuav zoo li 192.41.6.18. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus nqi qis tshaj qhov chaw nyob - qhov no yog plaub zeros, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws - plaub pab pawg txog 255. Cov hiob cheeb tsam (ib tug uas yog nyob rau ntawm sab laug sab pawg ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm tej yam ntawm lub Paub Faib ntsiab lus) nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw nyob hauv cheeb tsam, tus yau cheeb tsam (nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub tib lub division point ) qhia tau hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov interface rau ntawd network. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus ciam ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab tus network ib feem nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khoom uas tau coj mus rau lub network xov tooj yog txawv, qhov kev sib cais yog ib qho octet ciam (tus taw tes nruab nrab ntawm lawv) thiab tso cai rau koj txhais tau cov chav kawm ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob.

Class qauv chaw nyob

Ob peb xyoo lawm chaw nyob yog phua rau hauv 5 chav kawm. Nws yuav tag rau thaum lub caij, lub division yog hu ua hais polnoklassovoy. Cov chav kawm ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob yog hu ua cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm ib tug mus E. Cov chav kawm A E ua rau nws tau qhia kom meej rau identifiers rau 128 tes hauj lwm nrog 16 lab ntawm network interfaces txhua, 16.384 network pab kiag li lawm nrog 64 txhiab thiab 2 lab tes hauj lwm nrog 256 interfaces. IP-raws li tes hauj lwm kawm D yog muab rau multicasting, nyob rau hauv uas cov lus packets yuav muab xa mus rau ntau yam fwjchim luj kawg nkaus ib txhij. Chaw nyob uas muaj pib me me 1111 yog tseg rau yav tom ntej siv.

Hauv qab no yog ib cov lus ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob. Cov chav kawm yog txhais los ntawm lub senior chaw nyob me me.

hoob A

IP-chaw nyob ntawm cov hoob A yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ua pes tsawg me ntsis thiab yim-ntsis chaw nyob loj teej tug mus rau lub network. Sau rau hauv daim ntawv:

Raws li, qhov loj tshaj tus naj npawb ntawm Class A tes hauj lwm yuav ua tau 2 ^7, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav muaj ib qho chaw nyob qhov chaw ntawm 2 ²⁴ pab kiag li lawm. Txij li thaum thawj me ntsis ntawm qhov chaw nyob yog 0, ces tag nrho cov IP-qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv A yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub high-kev txiav txim octet ntau los ntawm 0 mus 127, uas, Ntxiv, yuav tsum yog tus network thiab tus xov tooj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub voj chaw nyob thiab 127 yog tseg rau ua lag ua luam chaw nyob, li ntawd, lawv siv tsis tau. Vim li no, lub caij nyoog tooj ntawm Class A tes hauj lwm sib npaug 126.

Nyob rau hauv lub node chaw nyob nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv Ib tug network muab 3 bytes (los yog 24 khoom). Tej yam yooj yim muab xam qhia tau hais tias nws yog ua tau mus rau qhov chaw 16777216 binary ob peb ua ke (interface chaw nyob). Txij li thaum chaw nyob muaj nkaus ntawm zeros thiab sawv daws yuav, yog tshwj xeeb, ces hoob A network xov tooj yog txo mus rau 16.777.214 chaw nyob.

Cov chav kawm B thiab C

Lub ntsiab qhov txawv feature ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv b IP-chaw nyob yuav tsum yog tus nqi ntawm cov ob feem ntau tseem ceeb khoom sib npaug zos rau 10. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov network yog sib npaug zos rau 16 khoom. Cov hom ntawv ntawm lub network yog raws li nram no:

Vim li no, tus loj tshaj xov tooj ntawm cov hoob kawm B network yuav ua tau 2 ¹⁴ (16384) nrog ib qho chaw nyob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj ¹⁶ txhua. IP-chaw nyob ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv B pib ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm 128 mus 191. Nws yog ib tug feature uas koj yuav txiav txim seb lub network teej tug mus rau cov hoob kawm ntawd. Ob tug bytes, xaiv los ntawm cov chaw nyob cov tes hauj lwm, rho tawm xoom thiab muaj units ntawm chaw nyob tej zaum yuav ua rau tus xov tooj ntawm ntshav sib npaug zos rau 65.534.

Tej IP-qhov chaw nyob yog ib tug Class C pib nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 192 rau 223, nrog rau cov network tooj occupies peb ua octet. Schematically chaw nyob muaj cov nram qab qauv:

Peb thawj khoom yog 110, 24-ntsis network feem. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm tes hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no yog ^{21 Lub ob hlis ntuj} (qhov no yog 2,097,152 net). Nyob rau hauv lub node chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub IP-qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv C tes hauj lwm muaj 1 byte, nws yog 254 fwjchim luj kawg nkaus.

Ntxiv network chav kawm

Nyob rau hauv D thiab E chav kawm muaj xws li network nrog siab tshaj plaws octet saum toj no 224. Cov chaw nyob yog tseg rau tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj xws li, piv txwv li, multicasting - kis tau tus mob ntawm datagrams kom meej pab pawg ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv lub network.

Class D ntau yog siv kev xa packets thiab lies nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 224.0.0.0 rau 239.255.255.255. Xeem chav kawm ntawv E yog tshwj tseg rau yav tom ntej siv. Nws muaj xws li qhov chaw nyob ntawm 240.0.0.0 rau 255.255.255.255. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj tsis xav muaj teeb meem nrog hais, nws yog advisable tsis txhob coj tus IP-chaw nyob ntawm cov hom twg.

Loo IP-chaw nyob

Muaj chaw nyob uas tsis tau muab rau tej pab kiag li lawm, txawm tus IP-hais. Cuab yeej IP-chaw nyob muaj ib lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus network chaw nyob muaj zeros, nws txhais tau tias ntawm yog hais txog qhov tam sim no network los yog ib tug kev ya. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov chav nyob - uas yog qhov chaw nyob rau tshaj tawm hauv xov packets mailings.

Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv A, muaj ob tshwj xeeb siab network nrog cov zauv 0 thiab 127. Qhov chaw nyob pes tsawg yog siv raws li lub neej ntawd lawv, thiab 127 qhia tau hais tias hais rau nws tus kheej (cov loopback interface). Piv txwv li, kev kho mob ntawm tus IP 127.0.0.1 txhais tau tias lub node communicates tsuas nrog nws tus kheej tsis muaj kev ncaim datagrams rau ib cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab. Rau cov thauj txheej kev twb kev txuas yog tsis sib txawv ntawm qhov kev twb kev txuas nrog cov chaw taws teeb party, yog li ib tug loopback chaw nyob yog feem ntau siv los mus ntsuam xyuas network software.

Txhais network tawm lawv tus ID thiab tus tswv tsev

Paub qhov IP-qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus dais nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas muaj ib lo lus nug txog yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm tus IP-qhov chaw nyob, ces cias saib cov thawj octet ntawm qhov chaw nyob. Yog hais tias nws yog 1 mus rau 126, qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv Ib tug network, los ntawm 128 mus 191 - ib tug Class B network, los ntawm 192 mus 223 - network chav kawm ntawv C.

Yuav kom qhia tau tias cov network yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias twb nyob rau hauv lub A chav kawm ntawv yog qhov pib tooj nyob rau hauv lub IP-qhov chaw nyob rau B - thawj zaug ob tug lej nyob rau hauv C - thawj zaug peb tus xov tooj. Lwm tus yog identifiers ntawm network interfaces (o). Piv txwv li, IP-qhov chaw nyob yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm 139.17.54.23 chav kawm ntawv B, txij thaum thawj thawj xov tooj - 139 - ntau tshaj li 128 thiab tsawg tshaj li 191. Yog li ntawd, lub network qhia yog sib npaug zos 139.17.0.0, ntawm qhia - 54,23.

subnet

Nrog kev pab los ntawm routers thiab cov txuas hniav muaj lub sij hawm los nthuav koj network los ntawm kev ntxiv feem mus rau nws, los yog faib nws mus rau hauv me me subnet los hloov tus network ID. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no coj subnet daim npog qhov ncauj uas hais tias uas ya IP-chaw nyob yuav siv tau raws li ib tug qhia tau ntawm tus tshiab subnet. Thaum lub tawm lawv tus ID yog tib yam, koj yuav xaus uas cov ntshav mus rau lub tib subnet, txwv tsis pub lawv yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv subnet thiab cov router tsum tau mus cuag lawv.

IP-chaw nyob kawm ntawv no yog tsim li ntawd rau ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm networking sites thiab hais tseg nyob rau hauv ua ntej. Yog lub neej ntawd, lub koom haum yuav deploy tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb network nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm network-kev cob cog rua pab kiag li lawm. Muaj yog ib tug tej yam network qhia thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntshav muaj ib tug txwv nyob rau hauv raws li cov network chav kawm ntawv. Nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntshav network yuav tsis muaj bandwidth, vim hais tias txawm nrog rau tej tshaj tawm hauv xov kev kawm yuav poob.

subnet qhov ncauj qhov ntswg

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav faib lub ID, koj yuav tsum siv lub subnet daim npog qhov ncauj - ib tug qauv uas yuav pab tau qhov txawv cov network ID los ntawm lub node identifiers nyob rau hauv lub IP-chaw nyob. Cov chav kawm IP-qhov chaw nyob tsis muaj cai yuam kom txwv tsis pub rau cov subnet daim npog qhov ncauj. Daim Npog Qhov Ncauj externally zoo tib yam li qhov chaw nyob - plaub pab pawg ntawm cov zauv los ntawm 0 mus 255. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thaum xub thawj muaj coob ntawm lawv me me thiab. Piv txwv li, 255.255.248.0 - qhov no yog qhov tseeb subnet daim npog qhov ncauj, 255.248.255.0 - tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Daim npog qhov ncauj 255.255.255.0 lub sij lub thawj zaug peb octets ntawm tus IP-qhov chaw nyob raws li lub subnet ID.

Thaum tsim ib tug enterprise network yim khiav lag luam yuav tsum tau hais tias tus IP-hais yog lub koom haum kom raug. Cov chav kawm ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob, sib cais mus rau hauv feem los ntawm txoj kev qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, yuav tsis tsuas nce tus naj npawb ntawm computers rau lub network, tab sis kuj yuav npaj nws ua tau zoo. Txhua chav kawm ntawv muaj ib qho chaw nyob daim npog qhov ncauj ntawm lub network los ntawm neej ntawd.

tsis muaj neej ntawd hais daim npog qhov ncauj yog feem ntau siv rau ntxiv subnets thiab ib tug neeg. Piv txwv li, IP-chaw nyob 170.15.1.120 yuav siv subnet daim npog qhov ncauj 255.255.255.0 mus rau lub network ID 170.15.1.0, nws tsis yog tsim nyog los siv ib subnet daim npog qhov ncauj ntawm 255.255.0.0 nrog ID 170.15.0.0, uas yog lub neej ntawd. Qhov no tso cai rau koj mus phua ib tug uas twb muaj lawm lub koom haum Class B network nrog ID 170.15.0.0 subnets siv ntau qhov ncauj qhov ntswg.

Muab xam los ntawm subnets tsis

Tom qab subnet chaw rau txhua software interface network raws tu qauv yuav ua ib daim ntawv ntsuam ntawm tus IP-chaw nyob siv ib subnet daim npog qhov ncauj los mus txiav txim lub subnet chaw nyob. Muaj ob yam yooj yim qauv rau xam qhov tsawg ntawm cov subnets thiab fwjchim luj kawg nkaus rau hauv lub network:

• 2 ^{(tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom sib npaug zos rau ib tug nyob rau hauv ib tug daim npog qhov ncauj)} - 2 = loj tshaj tus naj npawb ntawm subnets;
• 2 ^{(tus xov tooj ntawm zeros nyob rau hauv lub subnet daim npog qhov ncauj)} - 2 = tsawg ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm rau ib tug subnet.

Piv txwv li, muab qhov chaw nyob sib npaug zos rau 182.16.52.10 nrog daim npog qhov ncauj 255.255.224.0. Daim npog qhov ncauj nyob rau hauv binary zoo li no: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Judging los ntawm cov thawj octet yog lub network belongs rau lub chav kawm ntawv B, yog li ntawd, peb xav txog peb thiab thib plaub octets. Peb cov chav nyob thiab tsug kaum peb zeros mus rau hauv lub mis thiab tau 23-2 = 6 subnets thiab 213 - 2 = 8190 hosts.

Thaum ua ntawv thov rau tus txheej txheem network chav kawm ntawv B raws li ib tug daim npog qhov ncauj 255.255.255.0 65534 network yuav tau sau ntawv kiag li lawm. Yog hais tias lub subnet chaw nyob byte occupies ib tug tag nrho ntawm, ces tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev cob cog rua pab kiag li lawm nyob rau hauv txhua subnetwork yog txo mus rau 254. Thaum nws yog tsim nyog los ntau tshaj tus xov tooj ntawm pab kiag li lawm yuav muaj teeb meem daws tau los ntawm shortening lub teb subnet daim npog qhov ncauj qhov chaw nyob los yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lwm theem nrab chaw nyob mus rau lub router interface. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kom txhob muaj cov xov tooj uas tau tes hauj lwm yuav tsum tau cai.

Thaum koj tsim subnets nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntawv C network, yuav tsum paub hais tias cov kev xaiv yuav tsum heev me me, nrog dawb tsuas yog ib octet. Thaum sifting xoom thiab cov tshaj tawm hauv xov qhov chaw nyob yog tseem tsim plaub poob lawm ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv subnets: ib subnet los host 253, ob subnet 125 fwjchim luj kawg nkaus plaub subnets rau 61 party yim subnets ntawm 29 fwjchim luj kawg nkaus. Lwm yam variants ntawm lub muab faib yuav ua teeb meem nyob rau hauv routing thiab broadcasts los yog cia li ua yooj yim nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm hais ntawm fwjchim luj kawg nkaus.

Tsim ib subnet nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv B tes hauj lwm yog yooj yim, raws li ntau txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xaiv. Lub neej ntawd subnet daim npog qhov ncauj yog 255.255.0.0, thaum siv nws tau txais ib tug 65534 party. Thaum tsim qhov ncauj qhov ntswg nyob rau hauv lawv subnet chaw nyob yog faib ntawm sab laug untagged khoom 3 thiab 4 octets. Yuav muab tau los ntawm xam pom network nrog cov zauv 32, 64, 96, 128, 160 thiab 192.

Class A network muaj ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw nyob, uas nws yog tau los mus tsim ib tug subnet. Rau siv subnet qhov ncauj qhov ntswg muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau mus txog rau 32 khoom. Siv cov saum toj no mis, peb yuav txiav txim seb lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm subnets uas yuav ua tau mus 254. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau tus tswv tsev qhov chaw nyob yog 16 me me, nws yog tau mus cuag 65534 ntshav.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no tsuas yog approximate suav. Thaum tsim sectors thiab nrog subnetting yog tsim nyog los noj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam, uas yog nyob rau ntawm tus kws kho mob thiab cov enterprise theem.