Damascus armor - yog dab tsi? Damascus steel: yam ntxwv. Tus paub tsis meej ntawm lub ancient lub nroog Damaxaka steel

Yug sparkling damask
Ntawm mos hlau, nyuaj hlau.
Thiab nws ua ib tug puas lub sij hawm muaj zog tshaj lub rab ntaj,
Thiab nyob rau hauv cov hniav - patterned kauv.

(Alexander Simonov, "Damascus rab ntaj")

Hailing los ntawm ib tug fairy taleas

Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias ib tug fairy taleas - nws tsis yog cia li nthuav keeb kwm, uas koj muaj peev xwm coj cov me nyuam, tab sis kuj cov fount ntawm kev txawj ntse, cunning intertwining qauv nrog keeb kwm cov txheej xwm thiab legends.

Lub tales ntawm mighty heroes thiab noble knights feem ntau ces yuav tsum xws li ib tug lub sij hawm raws li "Damascus armor." Qhov muaj zog thiab bravest heroes ua lawv exploits ob txhais caj npab ntawm damask hlau. Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm cov hlau no? Ua li cas nws thiaj li zoo? Vim li cas thiaj kim nqi, thiab yog li ntawd tseem ceeb? Nyob rau hauv kev, armor Damascus - yog dab tsi? Armor, ntaub thaiv npog, Visor? Tej zaum qhov no hlau - tsis pub leejtwg paub txoj kev loj hlob sunk rau oblivion blacksmiths, neeg txawv teb chaws, ib tug xyaum ua tej yam los yog ib qho khoom plig los ntawm saum toj no?

Puas peb lub sij hawm thiab yog hais tias yog li menyuam, raws li nyob rau hauv antiquity, armor Damascus? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "damask", lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab kev siv ntawm no hlau yog piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Peb yuav qhia tag nrho cov secrets ntawm ib tug tiag tiag xav tsis thoob hlau, uas yog ua tau heev tiag tiag.

Riam phom uas nto moo heroes

Damascus armor - yog lub npe laus ntawm bladed riam phom. Thiab nws tsis yog tej cuab yeej, raws li nws tej zaum yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Kev sib piv, lub analogues ntawm lo lus "ris tsho ua rog" nyob rau hauv ntxaib lus Polish (bron) thiab Czech (zbrane) txhais hais tias nws yog ib tug riam phom ntawm steel, xws li damask rab ntaj, ib tug hniav ntaj hniav riam, ib rab riam, ib tug dagger los yog rab ntaj.

Tej zoo-paub fairy taleas cim, ob qho tib si heroes Ilya Muromets thiab Dobrynya Nikitich, Korol Artur thiab Svyatogor, muaj invincible riam phom ntawm damask steel, ua tsaug rau uas raug xam tias yog invincible warriors. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "damask" yooj yim - nws tawv hlau.

Tus paub tsis meej ntawm lub cosmos

Tus paub tsis meej ntawm lub ancient lub nroog Damaxaka steel lus dag nyob rau hauv lub deb yav tag los, thiab ntau precisely nyob rau hauv 1421, thaum lub ntiaj teb nyob ze ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab nroog ntawm Yaroslavl poob hlau meteorite. Ib tug loj loj daim hlau uas tau poob los ntawm lub ntuj, suav hais tias ib qho khoom plig los ntawm lub tswv ntuj thiab twb noj xwb cim riam phom. Mus saib tau hauv extraterrestrial hlau muaj ib tug ob peb nto moo blacksmiths thiab tuaj los ntawm damask steel riam yog forged rau cov neeg tseem ceeb cov tub rog.

legendary uniqueness

Swords, pa forged los ntawm hlau seem thiab tom qab thawj zaug khoov 2-3 punches tau txais kev pab raws li damask mus ib txhis. Lawv yuav muab tau yooj yim txiav los ntawm cov hlau ntaub thaiv npog los yog dua tus yeeb ncuab armor. Nws tseem yog li ntawd, txawm nws muaj kev tsis ntseeg li lub zog, lub nroog Damaxaka steel tuaj heev resilient thiab bent ntawm 90-120 degrees tsis tau poob txoj kev ntseeg. Yog li, ib tug yooj yim txias riam phom ntawm tus yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua, yog hais tias tsis tupilos, nws shatters rau hauv daim zoo li iav tawg, thaum Damascus armor tseem lawm thiab ntse. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, rab ntaj ntawm damask muab kom ntau li ntau kub li tiv kev txom nyem cov hniav, thiab nws tiv kev txom nyem ntau heev!

xav tsis thoob hlau

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov meteorite yog zoo, thiab cov smiths yog tsis tshua muaj neeg frugal, cim hlau stocks nkees heev. nws thiaj li hloov zuj zuj mus rau hauv lub nroog Damaxaka armor legendary riam phom ntawm yav dhau los, ua tsaug rau uas nws tau yeej ntau ntau yeej. Ntaub ntawv hais txog cov miraculous riam phom dhau los ntawm lub qhov ncauj rau lub qhov ncauj, los ntawm qub rau cov tub ntxhais.

Txij thaum ntawd los tau ntau xyoo dhau lawm, tab sis lub heroic armor Damascus, tus nqi ntawm uas tshaj lub xyoo xwb yuav tsum tau txais kev tsa nto, tsis tau muab cov neeg so. Patterned tuaj forged los ntawm steel, hu nyob rau hauv epics, myths xwb, legends. Ntawm no yog cov cia li ib co piv txwv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub fairy tales hais damask thiab armor los ntawm nws:

• nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm Vladimir Liab hnub yog ib tug ntawm cov heroes, damask flashing armor, sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov "yeeb ncuab ntawm lub Damned";
• nyob rau hauv "Lub taleas ntawm Tsar Saltan", sau los ntawm Pushkin, tub txawj tub ntse, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus kub thiab nyiaj, coj damask;
• Ivan lub neeg pluag tus tub yeej tsis paub hais tias Chudo-Yudo, snesya nws lub taub hau damask rab ntaj;
• nyob rau hauv lub fairy taleas txog cov adventures ntawm ib tug resourceful tus loj leeb Aladdin tshuaj lom scare neeg mus ncig thiab Bulat;
• tij laug Ivan, ispivshy dej los ntawm puddles thiab ib tug hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug me nyuam yaus, Muam Alyonushka hu rau kev pab hais tias: "Riam raug sharpened, lawv xav mus rau slaughter kuv ...";
• Finley-yos hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub fairy taleas ntawm lub fairy godmother ceeb toom hais tias nws xav kom mus tua damask ntse ntaj;
• nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "hluas nkauj Enchanted Hav zoov" Velimir protagonist nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kev phem dab los ntawm lub nroog Damaxaka steel rab ntaj txiav los ntawm ib tug kab nyob rau ntawm cov ntoo thiab bushes;
• zoo thiab tsis muaj zog Bogatyr Eruslan Lazarevich damask rab ntaj txiav tawm lub taub hau ntawm lub treacherous nab.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ancient tales thiab legends, cov lus "Damascus Armor" yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv niaj hnub paj huam thiab prose. Lub ntsiab lus yog invaluable nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, ntsig txog, ua tsaug rau niaj hnub sau phau ntawv damask tshwm sim niaj hnub no. Qhov ntawd yog lub contemporaries, nws siv zog rua cov kev txawj ntse ntawm hyperacute riam phom:

• Viktor Prischepenko ( "heev thiab arm").
• Andrew Shabel'nikov ( "Ntaj damask siab tawv Teuton").
• Sergey Semenov ( "Caij zaj").
• Ninel Koshkin ( "Puas koj qhov chaw Duab ntxoov ntxoo?").
• Sergey Stepanov ( "Fury ntawm Normans").

Cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Is Nrias teb

Tus thawj artificially tsim damask kawm ua nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Ces tus hlau ntau lawm daim card twb leaked rau Iran thiab Central Asia. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw damask steel, tus yam ntxwv uas zoo tshaj tag nrho cov kev ntshaw, yog hu ua txawv. Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nws yog ib tug "VTC", thiab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia thiab Iran - "Farand", "Taban", "Khorasan".

Persian kawm thiab lexicographer Al-Biruni, uas nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab muaj kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau lub sij hawm, sau tau ib treatise txog Bulat. Nws tseem nyob rau hauv cov archives ntawm lub ancient mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Al-Biruni sau tias: "damask armor yog tau los ntawm melting ob tug tshuaj uas yaj unevenly thiab tsis sib xyaw ua ke kom txog rau thaum homogeneity Cov no ob-xim tuaj uas muaj nuj nqis unusually siab.".

Damascus armor yog yooj yim coj los ntawm tus yam ntxwv qauv patterned. Nws yog tau los ntawm crystallization thiab yog thawj carbons insignia xws cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los ntawm damask steel tuaj yog incredibly ntse. Piv txwv li, lawv yuav tau yooj yim dissected ces muab pov tseg dua tus ntug ntawm Superfine lub gas khaub hlab cov ntaub so ntswg.

Tawm kev Damascus smiths

Feem ntau cov damask armor ua nyob rau hauv Syria, lub nroog Damaxaka. Damascus steel round tuav nyob rau hauv Syria tau coj los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab lub nroog Damaxaka blacksmiths twb forged ib tug zoo kawg, zoo heev ua tsov rog. Ntaj, sabers thiab swords muaj nqis ntau tshaj kub thiab yog ib lub cim ntawm wealth thiab txoj kev vam meej.

Tus nqi ntawm Indian damask loj hlob exponentially. Thiab los ntawm Syrian craftsmen compose ntau hom steel, thiab ntau yam kev Forging tsim welded Bulat, leej twg hnub no yog hu ua lub nroog Damaxaka steel, thiab heev npaum li cas menyuam.

Thaum Syria tau invaded los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov generals Khan Togluk - Tamerlane, nws tau coj los ntawm tus kov yeej lub teb chaws tag nrho blacksmiths thiab muab tso rau lawv nyob rau hauv Samarkand. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv captivity masters ua hauj lwm phem heev. Thiab thaum lub sij hawm, blacksmithing decayed. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Syrian ntxias kis tau thoob lub ntiaj teb no, thiab ib tug qauv ntawm cov ua Damascus hlau thiab cuab yeej los ntawm nws raug thaum kawg tso tseg.

Nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm ancient tub txawj tub ntse

Muaj pov thawj hais tias steel yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov damask, tau ua nyob rau hauv Nyiv. Tuaj, mas los ntawm lub teb chaws uas muaj tib yooj thiab durability, raws li riam phom los ntawm txheej cov ntaub ntawv uas.

Thaum expanding lag luam kev oriental hlau thiab swords, ntaj thiab los ntawm damask steel riam lawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm qhov chaw muaj indications uas lub Lavxias teb sab smiths yuav cov khoom rau qhov siv thiab ua kim heev riam phom.

Damascus armor, tus nqi ntawm uas yog unusually siab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas coj lub East lag luam, heev menyuam nyob rau hauv ces. Qhov no yog muaj tim khawv los ceeb toom ntawm lub English Royal Academy, sau hnub tim 1795 thiab fwm rau hnub no. Lawv piav qhia txog cov txheej xwm uas txuam nrog rau purchase ntawm bullion bladed steel soj ntsuam.

Txawm li cas los, cov tsis pub leejtwg paub ua txuj ci tseem ceeb hlau khaws cia ib tug ze ze guarded. Qhov no yog vim li: tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm yog tsis tau cov tshuaj lub chaw soj nstuam xyuas thiab tsom xam, yog li ntawd rau neeg ib mis zoo meej Damascus steel yog tsis yooj yim sua. Txhua yam twb yog ua los ntawm lub qhov muag, thiab cov kev faib ua feem approximate thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg twb khaws cia ib tug ze ze guarded tsis pub leejtwg paub. Ob peb txhim khu kev qha thiab paub yuav ua li cas kom zoo zoo manufactured Damascus armor. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "damask" cuaj kaum txuam nrog qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo riam phom thiab coj cov tub rog nyob rau hauv awe.

Cov kis ntawm cuav

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, cov smiths ntawm cov teb chaws Europe sim mus recreate tsawg kawg Damascus steel, tab sis ua tsis tau tejyam. Lawv twb tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis mus rau kawm tau li cas yuav ua rau ib tug tsis muaj tseeb hlau riam phom uas outwardly ntsia zoo li damask, tab sis lwm yam qualities tsis tau mus rau kev sib piv nrog rau cov muaj tseeb cov cuab yeej ntawm tus myths xwb.

Nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 th centuries, zus tau tej cov forged Damascus steel yog ntau nyob rau hauv ltalis, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Spain, Bulgaria thiab Fabkis. Riam phom ntawm nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov German thiab lus Mev, yog wildly nrov vim hais tias ntawm qhov zoo nkauj tsos, muab ib daim iav tag thiab zoo nkauj qauv. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm tus cuav damask armor tshuav npaum li cas yuav tsum tau kawm. Vim hais tias riam phom tau ua los ntawm zoo tib yam cov hlau ntawm tsawg zoo.

Recreated los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti uas muaj hnub nyoog

Nws coj ntau centuries ua ntej nyob rau hauv Russia tsim ib tug damask steel, uas, los ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog yuav luag ib daim qauv ntawm oriental designs. Ob-xim tu tub tu kiv ntawm lub legendary hlau tej koom tsuas engineer, tus paub txog thiab metallurgist, thiab ib feem-lub sij hawm loj-General - Pavel Petrovich Anosov. Nws yog ib tug txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab, ib tug patriot ntawm nws teb koj chaw, uas loj hlob nyob rau tales ntawm heroes, yog ntseeg hais tias lub nroog Damaxaka armor - nws yog invincible riam phom.

Nws tag nrho cov pib nyob rau hauv 1828 thaum lub tsuas department tau qhia lub taub hau ntawm lub Zlatoust tsob nroj (Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam) Anosov qhia ntawm daim card ntawm ultra siab zog hlau thiab tsim ib tug qauv ntawm damask hlau. Txoj kev loj hlob thiab thwmsim, ib tug series ntawm successes thiab failures ntawd kub ntev li ntau tshaj 10 xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm no, cov kev soj ntsuam thawj siv ib tug tshuab mus kawm co, thiab kuj hloov lub gilding galvanization tuaj.

Anosov zoo hlau ore thiab graphite, txuas sib txawv ntawm cov hlau, hlau melted nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab nqus - nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, experimented.

Qhov kawg ntawm 1838 Pavel Petrovich tseem muaj kev tswj kom tau lub patterned steel - cam khwb cia Bulat, nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv zoo ancient oriental qauv. Nyob rau hauv 1839, los ntawm nws hlau ingots thiab cov khoom mus rau cov exhibition nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1841 Anosov sau nws ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm - "Nyob rau Bulat", uas yog nominated rau tus Demidov nqi zog.

Tsaug rau tus txiv neej no umneyshemu Damascus armor, tus nqi ntawm uas qhuas nyob rau hauv ancient legends, tau ceased mus yuav ib tug unattainable npau suav.

Anosovskiy Bulat

Yuav ua li cas yog lub damask, recreated Anosov? Raws li lawv tshuaj cov khoom sib txawv los ntawm lub hlau ntawm steel nce nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm txawv hydrocarbons thiab cov tsis nws yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov cam khwb cia hlau. Txawm li cas los, tsis zoo li inductile, nkig hlau damask yog softer thiab ntau malleable thiab li nyuaj heev thiab tawv. Yog xav tau ib tug high-zoo damask, nws yog tsim nyog los nruj me ntsis ua raws li cov ntau lawm tshuab. Txwv tsis pub, kev tuav yuav tig no nyuaj hlau rau hauv dog dig hlau.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Anosova daim card los ntawm ua high-zoo Damascus steel tau ploj dua. Tej zaum nws cia li muab zais los ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag, los yog tej zaum nws tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm negligence. Txawm li cas los, tej lub sij hawm tom qab mus recreate Anosovskiy Bulat hom phiaj inventor thiab metallurgist Dmitriy Konstantinovich Chernov.

Nws siv ib tug ntau ntau yam ntawm thwmsim los ntawm nws nizkosernoe hlau thiab flake graphite nyob rau hauv sib txawv proportions. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Chernov tau txais ib tug patterned hlau, tab sis pom tias cov forging duab disappears. Tus kws tshawb fawb tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias lub ntsiab mob rau lub creation ntawm armor damask - xaiv qhov yog kub thaum lub sij hawm forging. Nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub me nyuam ua kom tau lub npe nrov tshaj hlau nws tsis kawm tau ntawv zoo.

Qhov no molybdenum?

Kuj ntev los no, thaum lub sij hawm cov kev excavation twb pom cov hniav ntawm ib tug Japanese Damascus steel, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Tshuaj ntsuam ntawm qhov riam phom uncovered ib tug ntawm cov secrets ntawm lub cim qualities ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas. Zaum tau sab ib molybdenum steel - zas hloov refractory hlau uas nyob rau hauv lawv cov natural daim ntawv tsis tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub riam phom lag luam molybdenum ntev siv raws li ib tug dopant rau ntau hom steel. Qhov no yuav tsub lub dag lub zog thiab toughness ntawm qhov riam phom.

Nws yog tsis zoo li hais tias tus ancient Japanese twb paub txog molybdenum. Feem ntau cov yuav, hlau ore, los ntawm uas lawv tau ua riam phom, muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm qhov no tshuaj caij.

Tus paub tsis meej yog tsis daws!

Rau hnub tim, niaj hnub steels nyob deb superior damask. Cuaj kaum, nws yog tseem yog ib qho ntawm lub zoo meej tshaj plaws hlau rau zus tau tej cov riam.

Yog hais tias koj thov kom, koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug craftsman-kws ntaus hlau uas yog tau ntaus lub damask riam. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub neej muaj yog ib txwm ib tug fairy taleas ...

Tus qauv ntawm cov hniav yog ib txwm tshwj xeeb,
Nyob rau hauv lwm yam nws yog tsis zoo sib xws, raws li ib tug neeg.
Ntaj warrior - thiab ib tug phooj ywg, thiab tus muam ...
Nyob rau hauv nws - lub mob ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb cov paj huam.

(Alexander Simonov, "Damascus rab ntaj")