Discoveries nyob rau hauv molecular physics.

Ntawm no kuv qhia lub tswv yim, thov lub foundations. Xijpeem, nowhere tau kuv pom txawm tias ib tug hint ntawm nws. Lub tswv yim hais txog cov tshwm sim ntawm evaporation, namely, nws yuav qhib li ib tug tag nrho tshiab zoo tshaj raws li lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau lub txias kua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evaporation. Lub classic piav yog: kua ntiab tawm los ntawm tsuas cov feem ntau sai molecules, cov neeg uas yuav tau los mus kov yeej cov rog ntawm intermolecular attraction. Qhov no thiaj li lub nruab nrab ceev ntawm lub seem molecules. Thiaj li, nws txo lub cev kub, uas yog nyob rau hauv dependence rau cov kev ceev.

Tab sis, yog hais tias koj saib ib tug me ntsis los ze zog mus rau lub txheej txheem ntawm evaporation, nws yuav pom lwm tseem ceeb tshaj, yog hais tias tsis tseem ceeb, lub txias tau. Qhov no tshwm sim (tshaj) yog tsis sau nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv physics. Los ntawm cov classical kev tshawb xav yuav tsum cov zajlus kom xaus hais tias lub evaporating molecule tsis txo yuav luag pes tsawg thiab nws tus nqi ntawm kev ceev vytolknuvshey nws molecules. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb.

Lub nto khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov kua molecules cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ntau dua mus tshaj nyob rau hauv lub tob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Qhov no ua rau ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nto nro.

Lub nto ntawm cov kua

Molecule 1 V1

V2

molecule 2

V3

molecule 3

Daim duab. 1.

Qhov tseem yuav qhuav lub ncaws-1 molecule (saib. Fig. 1) yog nws kev sib tsoo nrog ib tug qauv ntawm 2, uas yog lus dag ua ke nrog molecule 1 nyob rau perpendicular mus rau lub kua nto thiab muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus tangential tshaj tawm tivthaiv. Tom qab lub tsheb sib tsoo, ntawm ib tug deb ntau dua qhov radii ntawm ob molecules, lub kev sib nrig sib repulsion rog yog hloov los ntawm cov loj hlob rau rog ntawm kev sib nrig sib attraction. Cov rog no txo kom yuav luag pes tsawg ceev thiab kub nyob rau hauv Kelvin tawm txim liab tsis tau tsuas yog 1 molecule, tab sis 2 ntawm lub molecule uas tseem nyob rau hauv ib cov kua. Molecule 2 muaj tsis lub sij hawm mus rau cov hloov lawv kinetic zog mus rau ib tug nyob sib ze molecule 3: nws "tsis txhob" molecule evaporating 1. tej zaum rooj plaub ntawm simultaneous attraction ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm cov molecule khub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub molecule yuav muaj tsuas yog ib qhov nruab nrab ceev. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub kawg tawm theem 1 molecule, 2 molecules yuav txo nws ceev thiab lub meej kub Kelvin rau yuav luag pes tsawg. Ntau yuav thiab blows nyob sib ze molecule ob sab molecules uas txo lub deceleration nyhuv "cawm" lub kinetic zog ntawm molecule 2. Tab sis zuag qhia tag nrho cov nyhuv yuav luag tiav inhibition mus yuav tseem ceeb vim hais tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv qhov chaw khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov kua yog txaus loj. Qhov tseeb hais tias tus quab yuam ntawm attraction piv nrog lub inertia rog evaporating molecules, hais tias tshwm sim ntawm nto nro, uas lub ib thooj ntawm qhov chaw dej txheej ntawm molecules nyob hauv nws kom txog thaum equiprobable rau tag nrho cov molecules ntau zog sib tsoo nrog cov voom 2. Thiaj molecule, evaporating molecule thiaj 1 nws ceev thiab cov kev ceev ntawm lub lwg me me li 2 mus rau yuav luag pes tsawg.

evaporation phenomenon muaj yuav tsum tau noj mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sciences uas kawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov saum toj no tshiab piav txog yog vim li cas rau lub txias kua thaum lub sij hawm nws evaporation yuav tsum tau muab pab tau meej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov suav, uas yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account no cov nyhuv.

Nws lub tswv yim kuv refute lub classical evaporation kev tshawb xav, namely:

1. "Ceev cov kua molecules vaporized saum toj no nruab nrab". Rau ntau tshaj 15 xyoo kuv xa koj lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv txawv kev koom haum-tsis muaj ib tug teb. Nrog txoj kev tau zoo nws sau V. V. Putinu thiab D. A. Medvedevu nrog ib tug kev thov mus nraim nws rau kev tsom xam rau cov competent scientific cov koom haum. Los ntawm no kuv xaus lus, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi rau refute, tab sis paub meej tias - cov yuav raug rau ib txoj hauj lwm tus paub txog. Plaub Hlis Ntuj 28 xyoo no, kuv tau ntsib kuv lub tswv yim ntawm tus neeg sib tw ntawm kev sciences, ib tug kws nyob rau hauv molecular physics. Rau kuv thawj lo lus nug, "ua li cas yog cov kev ceev ntawm lub evaporated molecules," nws hais tias, "Zoo heev, saum toj no qhov nruab nrab." Tom qab pib paub kuv lub tswv yim, nws txo qis no tus nqi, "Yes, tej zaum, ib co ntawm cov molecules qeeb. Tab sis lub lwg me me ntawm cov kua heev npaum li cas, ntsig txog, ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm mus disperse lub evaporating molecules mus rau ib tug kub ceev. " Kuv kam rau qhov no: "Nyob rau hauv thiaj li accelerate mus rau ib tug ceev ntawm saum toj no qhov nruab nrab evaporated molecules" 1 ", nws yog tsim nyog evaporating molecules" 1 "rau disperse mus ceev, ntau dua qhov nruab nrab, ntau tshaj ob zaug. Thiab qhov kev tshwm sim, thiab yog hais tias ua tau, tab sis nws yog li ntawd tsis zoo li hais tias nws yuav tsum tau kav liam. Molecules - "Millionaire" rau lub kinetic zog yuav tsum tsis tshua muaj heev. " Zoo li nyiaj txiag hauv lub zog hais tias lub saw ntawm ua thiab cov teebmeem ntawm cov kua tob rau accelerate lub evaporating los "1" ntawm lub molecule - yuav tuaj raws li molecules ntawm ib tug lub khob hliav qab nrog kab los sib ntsib nyob rau hauv lub molecule "1". Lub tob txheej ntawm molecules, qhov ntau dua no hypothetical zog scattering. Cov feem ntau tej zaum kev tshwm sim - ib tug qauv nrog ib tug nruab nrab ceev. Molecules muaj ib tug ceev, ib tug me ntsis ntau dua los yog ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li qhov nruab nrab - yog tseem tsis yooj yim dua. Cov kev ceev ntawm lub evaporating molecules, ho saum toj no qhov nruab nrab, yuav raws yuav yog los ntawm ib tug complex tswvyim ntawm yav dhau los clashes nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Tab sis raws li nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm tag nrho cov molecules rau ib tug sib npaug zos footing thiab tag nrho fais fab kis cov lus qhia yog sib npaug yuav, ces qhov tshwm sim rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm molecules chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug coj thiab ib tug qauv ntawm "1" - tib yam uas tsis muaj, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nthawv tau nyob rau hauv tej uninsulated feem ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov kua yog txawv los ntawm lwm qhov chaw kub. Qhov tseem yuav tshwm sim yog cov kev ceev ntawm lub evaporating molecules, me ntsis ntau tshaj li qhov nruab nrab (los yog sib npaug zos rau, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub theem kawg ntawm evaporation ntawm "1" ntawm lub molecule, thaum poob rau ntawm nws yuav rov qab los: lub tshaj tawm yog pes tsawg - nws attracts lub molecule vapor los yog huab cua Xws li ib tug tshwm sim yog ib co yuav. poob lub sij hawm, tab sis yuav tsis tau thaum sawv cua).

2. Nws yog ib zajlus kom xav hais tias cov nto nro tuav tag nrho molecules muaj nruab nrab thiab txo ceev nyob rau hauv lub kua (tsuas yog tog vaj tog tsev los yog huab cua vapor molecules ya thaum uas tig mus rau cov kua nto). Ces nws yog tsim nyog los xaus uas lub feem ntau yuav tshwm sim yog lub evaporation ntawm ib tug qauv muaj ib tug ceev tshaj lub yam tsawg kawg nkaus qhov nruab nrab. Qhov ntawd yog qhov txawv ntawm lub kinetic zog ntawm tus molecule "1" thiab lub peev xwm lub zog ntawm nws cov neighboring attraction molekulami- tsawg heev. Qhov no txhais tau tias tom qab kov yeej no tej zaum zog, ceev - thiab qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv tsis degrees Kelvin - lub txim liab molecules "1" yuav nyob ze zero. "Thiab nyob qhov twg puas lub kinetic zog ntawm tus ntiab tawm molecules"? Lo lus nug no nug kuv hais tias ib tug kws nyob rau hauv molecular physics. Kuv hais tias (xav txog nws ua ntej) - tej zaum mus rau hauv lub excitation lub zog ntawm lub atoms, cov luv luv, yog tsis ntaus nqi los ntawm tus txiv neej raws li kub; Nws tej zaum yuav yog cov faib mus rau hauv nonthermal shortwave electromagnetic spectrum.

3. 2.Speed kua seem nyob rau hauv lub molecule "2" tom qab evaporating molecule "1" tsis yog lub tsheb sib tsoo tseem unchanged raws li nws raws li nram no los ntawm classical kev tshawb xav, tab sis txo yuav luag pes tsawg.

4. Raws li Scheme kuv tus nrog sib ntaus (nws coj nws tawm ntawm lub phau ntawv), "Cov nto khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog zoo li zoo nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam. Ib tug loj kev ncua deb ntawm lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv txhua txheej. " Nws qhia no nyob rau hauv kuv refutation hauv daim ntawv foob hais tias "2" molecule Fig. "1" tsis muaj lub sij hawm mus rau cov hloov lawv lub zog mus rau lub qhov pib. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm tej yam yooj yim xav txog kev teem yuav tsum energetically ruaj khov txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nyob rau hauv lub "staggered": uas yog, nyob rau hauv (thiab "tshaj") txhua molecule ntawm 2, 3, 4, 5 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yuav tsum yog ib tug "qhov". Daim duab. 1 yog energetically ntau tej zaum txoj hauj lwm "2" molecules thiab "3" - molecules los ntawm lub txheej. Molecule "2" lus dag nyob rau hauv lub thib peb txheej, qhov molecule "3" - nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib txheej thiab cov molecule "1" - nyob rau hauv thawj txheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, molecule "2" tom qab ejecting, nrov heev nthe molecule "1" kev sib tsoo - yoov los ntawm cov kis ntawm tus molecules nyob ze lub hauv qab ntawm plaub txheej mus rau tom ntej no, tsib, molecular txheej - thiab nws suffices los txo qhov kev ncua deb los nyob ze pes tsawg tshaj tawm thiab kub. "1" evaporating molecule. tseg cia rau yuav luag pes tsawg nws tus kheej, lub sij hawm mus qeeb cia rau luag xoom molecule "2". Qhov no yog - ib tug heev tej zaum kev tshwm sim.

5. mus "txhais tes nyob rau hauv tes" Nyob rau hauv science, kev kawm txawj thiab kev tshawb xav. Kuv tsis ntseeg hais tias, "Gibbs zog", uas yog kwv yees li kis ntawm atomic thiab molecular bonds - phim tiag tiag tshwm sim. Tab sis, yog hais tias kuv muaj peev xwm los mus hais tau nws lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug kws nyob rau hauv molecular physics (nws tub ceevxwm sau tom qab peb sib cav tswv yim, tab sis tsis yog mus kos, tiam sis zoo li hauv qab no qhov nruab nrab) - li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, lub txias ntawm evaporating kua muaj kev qaug zog thiab khoob. Thaj, qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov rog ntawm kev molecular sis - luv luv-ntau yam thiab acceleration thiab deceleration - luv luv-lub sij hawm. Tsis saib xyuas, siv los mus xam hauv nruab nrab kev ceev ntawm molecules. Qhov no yog muaj tseeb rau cov molecules nyob rau hauv lub kua. Tab sis qhov no mus kom ze tau coj mus rau uas tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm molecules evaporated.

6. Kuv lub tswv yim ntawm xa no kis. Tej zaum muaj kev totaub tob ntawm cov ua cua txias ntawm evaporating kua yuav qhib ib tug tshiab teb ntawm kev ua si rau cov inventors ntau npaum tub yees, cua txias thiab portable. m. p.

7. zus tau tej cov phau ntawv ua ntej mus zoo dua. Muaj yog ib tug official version, thiab txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws yog zoo ib yam nrog rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov nom science.

8. Ntawm no yog ib tug tutorial 1976, Qib 9, page 68.: "Yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov, cov kua lem mus rau hauv chav tsis ua rau kom cov kev tig tau lub zog ntawm lub lwg me me, tab sis yog nrog los ntawm ib qho kev nce rau hauv lawv lub peev xwm lub zog. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov nruab nrab kev ncua deb ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm cov roj yog muaj ntau lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li uas nyob nruab nrab molecules ntawm cov kua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nce nyob rau txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib tug kua tshuaj rau gaseous lub xeev,

9.

10. xav ua hauj lwm tawm tsam cov rog ntawm sab nraud siab. Ntawm no, tam sim no cov kev taw qhia yog qhia suav: "Tus nqi ntawm tshav kub yuav tsum tau rau cov hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1 kg. kua rau hauv chav, xa mus rau raws li tej tshav kub ntawm vaporization. " Thaj, nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm sab nraud thaum tshav kub kub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntau ntawm cov teeb meem zog (thiab - kub) rau txhua txhua kilogram ntawm evaporation ntawm cov kua.

11. Tab sis yog tsis teev nyob qhov twg kuv - tsis tshua muaj, tab sis mas tej zaum kev xaiv: ib tug qauv suab, nws ceev thiab cov kev ceev ntawm lub kua seem nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog yuav luag tshem, lub tej zaum zog ntawm lawv cov kev sis raug zoo lawm. Qhov twg tau tshwm sim rau lub zog? Lo lus nug no kuv interlocutor tsis tsuas thiab tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas nws li - tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm los ntawm kuv tej zaum taw tes ntawm view ntawm physics. Lub excitation lub zog ntawm lub atom, nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic tawg tsis mus? Cov phau ntawv ntawm physics, nyob rau hauv uas kuv tau npaj rau nkag mus rau lub Polytechnic Institute (kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1983), pleev xim rau cov tib tswvyim thiab muab tib piav tias kuv tau muab nyuam qhuav ib tug tshwj xeeb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kuv tsev kawm ntawv phau piav nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav thiab lub tswvyim sib txawv dog dig: p. 84. Los ntawm no piav qhia txog nws zoo nkaus li uas cov rog ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm molecules ntawm chav yuav tsis quav ntsej li, vim hais tias nws ceev nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog muaj ntau lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li cov kev ceev ntawm cov kua. "Nyob rau hauv ib molecule ntawm cov kua nto kuj nyob rau ib feem 2 ntawm lub molecule thiab cov qias neeg quab yuam los ntawm cov attraction quab yuam dag nyob rau hauv lub qhov tob molecules 3,4,5, NWS d. 2 molecule nyob rau quab yuam los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub lwg me me dag nyob rau hauv lub qhov tob 4, 5, 6, thiab. t. d., thiab cov qias neeg quab yuam los ntawm cov molecule 3. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov uas ua txawm quab yuam los ntawm cov repulsion molecule 1. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov kev coj ntawm molecules 1 U2 nruab nrab ntau dua qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm 2 thiab 3 (molecule 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, thiab lwm yam -... dag rau ib tug kab perpendicular mus rau lub kua nto, thiab lub numbering - raws li nyob rau hauv Daim duab 1 -. hlob sib sib zog nqus). Ib tug deb ntawm 2 - 3 tshaj ib tug deb ntawm 3 thiab -4. t. d. kom txog thaum txog thaum tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau affinity molecule mus rau qhov chaw. " Qhov no ncauj lus kom ntxaws puav pheej yog tau hais tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm lub sab sauv "txheej" thiab 2 molecule nyob rau hauv nws - Daim duab. 1 -more yuav. Qhov no yog ntau tshaj li txaus rau braking molecule 2 ntawm daim duab. 1 - mus pes tsawg. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - nws dom40 kV. 17.