Enlightenment philosophy, thiab nws cov ntsiab yam ntxwv

Cov hnub nyoog ntawm Enlightenment nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, tsim nyob rau hauv ib cov keeb kwm tej yam kev mob. Nws yog tus muaj zog ntawm tsis monarchy nyob rau hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov, thiab cov kis ntawm tus economic kev loj hlob thiab lub system ntawm tsoom fwv raws li zoo raws li lub zawm ntawm clericalism (lub Edict ntawm Nantes kev cai dab qhuas kam twb tso tseg). Qhov chaw ntawm tswv yim tshiab tau ua lub scientific daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, launched los ntawm Newton, raws li zoo raws li cov lus Askiv kev philosophy (Dzhon Lokk, lub philosophy ntawm "kev txiav txim siab") thiab Fabkis free-txawj xav thiab sau ntawv xws li ib Beyl, Descartes thiab Montesquieu.

Enlightenment tswv yim thawj ntawm tag nrho cov peb ua ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws philosophical lo lus nug txog qhov teeb meem ntawm tus txheem ntawm txoj kev ntseeg thiab yog vim li cas thiab muab tso rau pem hauv ntej raws li ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov hom phiaj ntawm noob neej cult ntawm vim li cas thiab kev kawm. Yog hais tias cov lus Askiv philosopher uas belongs rau lub sij hawm "enlightenment" yog theorists ntawm thiaj li hu ua txee cim, lub Fabkis Enlightenment yog ib tug tiag tiag kev zog, los yog "tog" philosophers. Lawv yog cov paub zoo ntawm kev nom kev tswv, muaj kev nkag tau rau cov pej xeem thiab sau ntawv nyob rau Fabkis cov lus kom nkag siab rau cov neeg uas tau raug cob qhia nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm lub Fabkis Enlightenment yog cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub loj heev ntawm cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv zej zog. Lawv ntseeg hais tias tswv yim feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg, thiab mus kawm ntawv rau pej xeem, peb yuav tsum xub muab kev kawm rau cov neeg.

Enlightenment philosophy yog inconceivable tsis muaj no, ntawm chav kawm, feem ntau ci ntsa iab ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev, Francois Voltaire. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis tau tsim nws tus kheej lub system ntawm philosophy, thiab twb paub raws li ib tug dav hlau tua rog tiv thaiv bigotry thiab tej kev teev dab, yog vim li cas nws nto moo quaj tiv thaiv cov domination ntawm clericalism ntawm lub Roman Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj "Tuav lub kab ntsaum!" Ciaj cov centuries. Voltaire yog ib tug Deist nyob rau hauv lawv cov views, nws ntseeg hais tias lub hav zoov uas hlwb nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb proves yog vim li cas thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov hav zoov. Nws kuj hais tawm tsam atheism, ntseeg hais tias cov rejection ntawm Vajtswv txoj kev yuav ntaus tus cuj pwm thiab koom cov me nyuam yaus ntawm noob neej. Voltaire sim popularize nyob rau hauv Fabkis cov kev qhia ntawm Newton tus cai ntawm qhov, thiab kuj thuam cov kev tshawb xav ntawm "innate tswv yim" ntawm Descartes thiab solipsism Berkeley. Nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txawj ntse Voltaire tso siab rau Locke thiab Francis Bacon: kev txawj ntse raws li nyob rau hauv kev, tab sis muaj yog tsis paub, xws li kev kawm txog zauv, morality, thiab lub tswvyim ntawm Vajtswv. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm psychology, philosopher qhia fashionable nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm cov lus qhuab qhia uas tus txiv neej yog ib tug tsim nyog mechanism tsis muaj ib tug ntsuj plig, tab sis nrog lub peev xwm thiab txawj ntse.

Qhov thib ob qho cai, uas tau tsim ib tug philosophy ntawm lub Enlightenment, thiab ib tug nrog sib ntaus ntawm Voltaire, yog Jean-Zhak Russo. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws tej hauj lwm no yog cov "Reflections ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm sib xws ntawm cov neeg", "Cov kev Daim ntawv cog lus" thiab "Tshiab Heloise." Rousseau ntseeg hais tias lub ntsiab tsav tsheb quab yuam nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej no tsis yog lub siab, thiab tus tsis totaub, instincts xws li lub siab thiab ntse heev. Rousseau criticized kawm science thiab kev lag luam, qhia hais tias lawv cais txiv neej los ntawm cov xwm, ua nws dag xav tau kev pab thiab alienating neeg los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Cov hauj lwm ntawm philosophy - choj no kis thiab ua rau tib neeg zoo siab. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Rousseau muab qhia lub tswv yim ntawm cov "golden hnub nyoog", kev puas tsuaj ntawm ntiag tug. Dhau los, ntawm chav kawm, twb, koj yuav tsis rov qab mus, tab sis koj ua tau tsawg kawg yog ib nrab tseeb qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev nkag mus kawm rau hauv ib lub social daim ntawv cog lus thiab tsim ib lub zej lub zos muaj sib npaug zos me me proprietors, los daws kom tau tag nrho cov teeb meem los ntawm ib tug referendum. Rousseau kuj yog ib tug theorist ntawm "natural ua niam ua txiv" nyob rau hauv lub ncej puab ntawm qhov, tsis muaj tus txwv lub moj khaum thiab religiously adhered mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm koj tus kheej.

Enlightenment philosophy kuj muab galaxy Fabkis materialists - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach nyob rau hauv lub "System of Xwm" txo tag nrho cov tshwm sim rau cov lus tsa suab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas hais thiab os Lamettrie txuas tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov tsheb tab sis kuj muaj kev cia siab, tawm tswv yim rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm automatism psychology ( "txiv neej - tshuab"). Lawv kuj txaus siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm lub inorganic, "lub nceeg vaj" los ntawm cov zaub thiab cov tsiaj. Ib tug ntawm txuam rau cov Fabkis materialism ntawm lub era yog nws determinism: txhua yam yog kev kawm mus rau universal kev cai, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, tsis muaj lub hom phiaj thiab xwb ua thiab kev nyhuv. Cognition, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, raws li nyob rau hauv kev, yog hloov mus rau hauv kev xav, thiab nws lub hom phiaj yog kev txhim kho ntawm tus txiv neej. Tab sis lub ntsiab mob rau kev txawj ntse yog ncus hais tias peb "sau npe" lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Txawm li cas los, rau piv txwv, Diderot, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau La Mettrie, ntseeg hais tias ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system tsa, es, tsis lub tsheb, thiab lub piano, vim hais tias nws yuav siv ib tug system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim, raws li ib tug hom lus (thiab tej yam tshwm sim sib haum mus rau lub lag luam rau ib tug piano). Cov kev philosophy ntawm lub materialists ntawm lub view ntawm muaj kuab self-interest, uas muaj peev xwm muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntau cov kev txaus siab thiab thiaj li tau tuaj mus rau txhua leej txhua tus nyiam thiab morality.

Txij li thaum zoo tag nrho ntawm cov paub philosopher uas tau muab lub ntiaj teb no lub philosophy ntawm lub Enlightenment, pom zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej hais tias tus txiav txim siab zoo thiab txoj cai cov tswv yim tsim rau cov kev txiav txim, lawv tsim lub project "Encyclopedia", lub ntsiab ideologue thiab neeg khiav dej num uas yog Diderot. Nws muaj peev xwm coj ua ke tag nrho cov Enlightenment, raws li cov materialists, deists thiab hais tias lawv tau sau cov khoom hais txog tag nrho cov kev ua tau nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso thiab humanitarian, hnyav views ua ke nrog kev thuam ntawm outdated thiab muab ib daim duab ntawm tib neeg lub siab nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Qhov no ua hauj lwm pib nrog zoo siab, tab sis, ces feem ntau ntawm cov neeg koom thau los ntawm peb tes num rau yog vim li cas ntawm nyiaj txiag thiab nrog cov ua cim. Nyob ib leeg, Diderot yog tau coj txoj hauj lwm no rau qhov kawg thiab luam tawm tsab tag nrho 52 tagnrho cov "Encyclopedia", cov ntsiab lus txhua yam uas science tau mus txog lub XVII-XVIII centuries.