Futurists yog leej twg? Lavxias teb sab futurists. Futurists ntawm Silver Hnub nyoog

Futurism (los ntawm Latin futurum, lub ntsiab lus "neej yav tom ntej") - lub avant-garde zog nyob rau hauv kos duab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe 1910-1920, mas nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Ltalis .. Nws tau nrhiav los tsim cov lus qhia "kos duab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej", raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov lus qhia no tshaj tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv manifestos.

Nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm FT Marinetti, tus kws sau paj huam, Italian cubo-futurists los ntawm lub zej zog Gilei, thiab cov neeg koom hauv Mezzanine ntawm Paj Huam, Koom haum ntawm Ego Futurists, Centrifugi, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ntseeg "dhau los" raug tsis pom zoo, kev ua zoo nkauj ntawm tshuab kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam .

Yam ntxwv

Rau kev kos duab ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no mas yog cov ntawv ntes, hloov, rov ua ntau dua ntawm motifs, zoo li yog tias cov ntsiab lus tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsiv ceev ceev. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, cov futurists yog J. Severini, U. Boccioni. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj sib xyaw cov ntawv tseeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsiab lus, hauv paj huam - sim ua nrog hom lus ("zaum" lossis "words on the loose"). Lavxias teb sab paj huam-futurists yog VV Mayakovsky, VV Khlebnikov, I. Severyanin, AE Kruchenykh.

Groupings

Qhov kev taw qhia no tshwm sim hauv 1910-1912, ib txhij nrog acmeism. Acmeists, futurists thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm kev hloov hauv kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lawv txoj haujlwm thiab kev koom ua ke tau raug sab hauv. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov Futurist pawg, tom qab ntawd hu ua Cubo Futurism, koom siab ntau ntau cov kws sau paj huam ntawm Nyiaj Hnub Nyoog. Cov paj huam tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov paj huam futurist yog V. V. Khlebnikov, D. D. Burliuk, V. V. Kamensky, A. Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky thiab lwm tus. Egorofurizm I. Severyanin (poet IV Lotarev, xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1887-1941) yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm no sib. Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg "Centrifuge" pib lawv ua hauj lwm lub npe hu Soviet paj huam B. L. Pasternak thiab N. N. Aseev.

Kev ywj pheej ntawm lo lus poetic

Lub Lavxias Futurists tau tshaj tawm tias kev ywj pheej ntawm daim ntawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nws qhov kev sib tw, lub txwv tsis pub muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov lus hais. Lawv ua tag nrho cov kev ntseeg tseg. Nyob rau hauv manifesto nrog lub npe heev darling, "Qhwv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem saj," luam tawm los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1912 ntawm tib lub npe, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no sib raug hu rau kev tso tawm ntawm xws li muaj cai pom zoo li Dostoyevsky, Pushkin thiab Tolstoy los ntawm "Modern Steamboat." A. Kruchenykh tiv thaiv tus kws sau paj lug txoj cai los tsim nws tus kheej, "abstruse" lus, uas tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kwv huam, kev hais lus yog qhov tseeb hloov los ntawm ib qho tsis to taub, cov lus tsis muaj qab hau. Tab sis VV Kamensky (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1884-1961) thiab V. Khlebnikov (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1885-1922) muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam kev sim siab hauv lawv cov hauj lwm nrog cov lus, uas tau muaj txiaj ntsim zoo rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Lub futurist kuj yog tus naas ej paj huam Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). Nws cov thawj cov kwv huam tau luam tawm thaum xyoo 1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich qhia txog nws lub ntsiab rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, uas los ntawm qhov pib heev pom nws ntawm lwm cov neeg sawv cev. Mayakovsky-Futurist nquag tawm tsam cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej, thiab tsis yog tawm tsam ntau yam "junk".

Nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig ntawm xyoo 1917, uas yog lub kiv puag ncig, tus kws sau paj huam yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab rau cov neeg ntxeev siab uas tau hais tias "rog" hauv lub nceeg vaj, ua ntej lub sij hawm uas tsis muaj kev hloov siab phem. Tsis lees paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, nws tshaj tawm hais tias tib neeg muaj kev ntseeg txog kev ntseeg xws li "Nplaim-nraub qaum", "Huab cua hauv lub ris", "Txiv neej", "Tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj paj huam "Huab Tais Hauv Pua", luam tawm rau xyoo 1915 (tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv foos), tom qab tus kws sau paj huam hais tias "Tshem nrog!": Nqes nrog kev hlub, kos duab, kev cai thiab kev ntseeg. Nws yog ib tug thawj ntawm cov kws sau paj lug ntawm Lavxias los qhia rau nws cov kwv huam txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub zej zog tshiab.

Nihilism

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam muaj kaj cwm pwm, uas yog yooj yim rau tus cwj pwm mus rau ib tug kev txawj zog. Qhov no yog MI Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) thiab MA Voloshin (1877-1932). Tom qab xyoo 1910, muaj lwm txoj hau kev tshiab - futurism, uas tawm tsam txhua yam ntaub ntawv, tsis yog yav tag los, tab sis tam sim no. Nws nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nrog lub siab xav ua kom txhua tus hom phiaj. Nihilism tau pom nyob rau sab nraud tsim ntawm cov khoom sau cov paj huam uas tau luam tawm rau sab nraud ntawm phab ntsa los yog rau ntawv, thiab hauv lawv lub npe - "Lub hli tuag", "Mis nyuj haus ntawm lub hli" thiab lwm cov paj huam ntawm cov futurists.

"Qhwv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem saj"

Thawj luam tawm thaum xyoo 1912 "Qhwv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem saj" tau sau cov lus tshaj tawm. Nws tau kos npe los ntawm cov paj huam nrov npe ntawm cov futurist. Nws yog Andrew Kruchenykh, David Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky thiab Velimir Khlebnikov. Nyob rau hauv nws lawv asserted lawv tsuas yog txoj cai los ua tus spokesmen ntawm lawv cov era. Cov paj huam tsis lees paub tias Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Tolstoy, tab sis tib lub sij hawm Balmont, nws "naj hoom fornication", Andreev nrog nws "qias neeg slime", Maxim Gorky, Alexander Blok, Alexander Kuprin thiab lwm tus.

Kev tawm tsam txhua yam, qhov manifesto ntawm Futurists tsim lub "xob laim" ntawm lo lus precious. Tsis txhob sim, tsis zoo li Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, mus rau overthrow tus uas twb muaj lawm kev txiav txim, lawv tsuas xav hloov nws cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias version, cov lus hais tias "Tsov rog yog tib txoj kev nyiam huv ntawm lub ntiaj teb", suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm Italian futurism, twb tsis muaj zog, txawm li ntawd los, raws li Valery Bryusov, qhov no ideology tseem "tshwm ntawm cov kab."

Raws li Vadim Shershenevich, futurists ntawm cov nyiaj hnub nyoog tsa daim ntawv rau thawj zaug rau qhov siab, muab nws tus nqi ntawm lub ntsiab, tus kheej-lub hom phiaj ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Lawv tsis lees paub nqe, uas tsuas yog sau rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tswv yim xwb. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus qauv tshaj tawm hais tias tej ntsiab cai sawv los.

Cov lus tshiab

Velimir Khlebnikov, lwm theoretician ntawm futurism, tshaj tawm ib tug tshiab "abstruse" lus raws li yav tom ntej lus nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv nws, lo lus loses nws cov ntsiab lus semantic, kis tau xa rov qab tus subjective connotation. Yog li, niam ntawv tau to taub raws li qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm (qhov ntawm aspiration), cov neeg tsis txaus siab - suab, xim, tsis hnov tsw. Nrhiav kev nthuav lus ntawm cov lus ciam teb, nws hais tawm tsim cov lus ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus (keeb kwm: sau lo lus ..., chur ... - "peb muaj khav theem thiab txaj muag").

Qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov cim thiab, hauv particular, yog paj huam paj huam, cov futurists tawm tsam kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm lub cev. Piv txwv, "paj huam yog ib tug ntxhais hnav tawm" los ntawm David Burliuk. Valery Bryusov nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas "Lub Xyoo ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws Paj Huam" (1914) tau hais tseg, tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov paj huam ntawm futurist, tias nws tsis txaus kom txhua tus tawm sab nraud hauv nws lub voj voog kom nrhiav tau ib yam tshiab. Nws tau taw qhia tias txhua tus neeg yuav tsum paub txog cov paj huam no yog cov neeg xav. Peb tau raws li nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub paj huam ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua, hauv Virgil thiab Pushkin, thiab suab-xim kev tshawb xav twb npaj siab Teofilem Gote.

Tej teeb meem hauv kev sib raug zoo

Nws yog nthuav hais tias, nrog tag nrho cov tsis kam nyob rau hauv daim duab, Silver Age futurists tseem xav tias lub ua lag luam ntawm lub cim. Piv txwv li, Alexander Blok, uas saib txoj hauj lwm ntawm Igor Severyanin, tau hais tias muaj kev txhawj xeeb tias nws tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, thiab hauv tsab xov xwm ntawm xyoo 1915, Valery Bryusov tau hais tias qhov tsis muaj peev xwm xav thiab tsis muaj kev paub txog nws cov paj huam. Nws reproaches Severyanin rau vulgarity, phem saj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceeb nws cov kwv huam txog kev ua tsov ua rog.

Rov qab rau xyoo 1912 Alexander Blok hais tias nws ntshai ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tsis paub zoo tsis muaj lub hauv paus. Tsis ntev cov ntsiab lus ntawm "futurist" thiab "hooligan" ua cov lus sib txawv rau cov neeg pej xeem ntawm cov xyoo. Cov xovxwm greedily raws li "exploits" ntawm tus creators ntawm tus tshiab kos duab. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lawv tau los paub txog ntau seem ntawm cov pejxeem, nyiam ntau tus neeg nyiam. Lub keeb kwm ntawm no sib zoo nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm plaub pawg neeg, txhua tus neeg ntseeg hais tias nws qhia lub "tseeb" futurism, thiab fiercely polemised nrog lwm tus, nyuaj lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tshwm sim hauv cov kwj deg ntawm kev sib thuam, uas tau nce siab thiab kev ua siab phem. Tab sis qee zaus cov tswv cuab ntawm ntau pawg tau tsiv los ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm qhov los yog tuaj ua ke.