Heterogeneous equilibria

Ua kev system, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub homogeneous, yog ib lub cev-tshuaj system, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov differing lub zog theem. Hais tias yog, nws muaj qhov chaw uas yog cov sib txawv xeev ntawm aggregation thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg hais. Ib theem ntawm xws li ib tug system yog cais los ntawm lwm yam ciam teb, los ntawm kev uas tso cai ua rau ib tug zoo leap nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub system (tus sawv cev). Cov changeable tsis tej zaum yuav zoo thiab qauv ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, cov kev ceev ntawm lub substance, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lwm yam electromagnetic teb.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib tug ua kev system, muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug txhua yam kev sib cais ntawm cov theem. Piv txwv li systems yog cov dej thiab chav nyob rau hauv uas qhov sib txawv xeev ntawm aggregation, roj thiab dej, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib lub nkoj qab thus, muaj ntau nplooj ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg. Heev feem ntau nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm homogeneous thiab heterogeneous systems, vim hais tias nws yog ib qhov nyuaj mus nrhiav kom tau tus heev ciam teb ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm theem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tus neeg kho tshuab ncua ntawm tus ciam teb coj colloids, thiab lawv yog cov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub solute. Nyob rau hauv ib tes - qhov no yog ib tug homogeneous system, vim hais tias cov particle loj yog li ntawd me me tias lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tsis saib tsis xyuas. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, tab sis yog nyob rau atomic theem, tab sis lub substance nyob rau hauv lawv tag nrho cov tib yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yuav suav hais tias xws li ib tug ua kev system.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj parameter uas characterizes lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm heterogeneity, yog cov ua kev equilibrium. Cia peb xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm no phenomenon rau cov piv txwv aqueous daws teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov heterogeneous equilibrium muaj cov khoom uas yog nyob rau hauv lub hloov lwm lub tsev hais los ntawm cov theem ciam txwv, tsawg kawg yog nyob rau hauv ob uas nyob ib sab theem. Peb kov on nyob rau hauv no piav qhia txog, tsuas yog ib tug me me lub vajvoog ntawm cov phenomena uas yog feem ntau tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws ua daim ntawv thov. Raws li nws ua kev equilibrium zog yog heev ntau haiv neeg, thiab yog li ntawd tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj dab, thiab yog txaus siab los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm theoretical soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub cev Science News for KIDS.

Nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim paj yog, saum toj no tag nrho, xws systems, raws li ib tug khoom - kua theem (precipitate - ib tug uas tov). Qhov no system yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntau tshuaj technology raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib cais ntawm ib tug yeeb tshuaj los ntawm lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tseem ceeb thiab rov qab dab qhov twg ua kev equilibrium ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm. Cov muaj xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm txhais lus ntawm tsis zoo soluble sib txuas nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab.

Lwm system - cov khoom theem - kua tshuaj yog raws li nyob rau tshwm sim ntawm ion pauv. Qhov no tshuaj phenomenon ntau nyob rau hauv purification technology ntawm aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm ntau hom ntawm impurities, thiab siv yog tias tsim nyog nkauj nraug tshuaj los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ua kev equilibria nyob rau hauv ntsha kev daws teeb meem, lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias cov pa txoj kev nkauj nraug tshuaj tebchaw yog ices. Tswv yim siv ntawm xws li zaus yog muab los ntawm ion pauv, uas tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ion exchangers nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm electrolytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov thib peb ntau ntawm lub tshuab nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas - lub kua system - ib tug ua kua theem, nws yog ib lo lus nug ntawm cov kuab tshuaj uas txawv compositions ntawm qhov teeb meem. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog thov thaum ob tug immiscible kev daws teeb meem uas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lwm yam nrog txawv cov nqi ntawm solubility, i.e., muaj cais ua kev equilibrium. Cov kev siv tswv yim ntawm no phenomenon tau raug hu extraction. Nyob rau hauv industrial qhuav thiab tshuaj dab extraction stands raws li qhov zoo tshaj txoj kev nkauj nraug yam.