Ib suam ntawm vaj tse: kev cai

Kiag li tag nrho cov khoom uas yog xwb nyob rau hauv peb tes num twb tab tom ua los yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob yam, lug thiab vaj tse. Vaj tse hu ua av qauv, uas tsev chav rau kev kawm, kev lom zem, kev ua hauj lwm, thiab li ntawm. Los ntawm cov lug yog ranked kev lug: choj, kav, pipelines, dams thiab lwm tus neeg. Ib suam ntawm vaj tse, lug, thaj chaw muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov nuances.

muaj vaj tse

Nyob rau hauv lem, lub tsev yog muab faib ua ob tug tseem ceeb pab pawg - pej xeem thiab cov muaj. Los ntawm kev lag luam xws li:

• raug;
• tsiaj txhu;
• zog;
• Khoom;
• nqi hluav taws xob.

Civil vaj tse raug muab faib ua ob pawg - thiab qhov chaw rau pej xeem.

thaj vaj tse

Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias ntawm no yog ranked thaj chaw haum rau tib neeg habitation, namely:

• cov tuam tsev apartment;
• dormitories;
• cov chaw ntiav pw;
• nce;
• tsev laus.

kev vaj tse

• kev kawm cov chaw;
• chaw ua hauj lwm vaj tse;
• kev kho mob chaw thiab kev ncaj ncees qhov chaw;
• cov chaw rau cov kev ua si ua ub no;
• clubs, khw nojmov thiab hais txog;
• khw chaw, pej xeem catering thiab cov neeg siv cov kev pab cuam;
• thauj;
• vaj tse nyob thiab communal cov kev pab cuam;
• multifunctional vaj tse thiab ceg.

Muaj yog ib tug faib ntawm vaj tse thiab lug. Qhov yuav tsum tau yam ntxwv nta no tiav nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm kev ntsuas, lawv siv yog tswj los ntawm lub tsev cov lis dej num (SNIP). Qhov no daim ntawv siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev faib tsev los ntawm hom. Ntxiv xyuas qhov tseem ceeb.

hom kev faib

1. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov storeys. Thaum nws yog tsim kom muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov plag tsev yog: sim saum nruab ntug, technical, nthab, av (nrog rau cov proviso hais tias cov saum toj kawg nkaus qauv yog positioned saum toj no rau hauv nruab nrab av npaj cim tsis tsawg tshaj li 2 meters).

• ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov plag tsev - rau qhov siab ntawm cov vaj tse mus rau 2 plag tsev;
• nruab nrab ntawm cov storeys - ntawm 3 mus rau 5 plag tsev;
• nce tus naj npawb ntawm storeys - 6 mus rau 9 plag tsev;
• multistory - los ntawm 10 mus rau 25 cov plag tsev;
• High-sawv vaj tse - los ntawm 26 cov plag tsev saum toj no.

2. Thaum cov khoom uas cov phab ntsa no yog ua los:

• Pob zeb (av ci los yog tej yam ntuj tso pob zeb);
• qhob (unnatural pob zeb, pob zeb ua blocks);
• qhob;
• hlau;
• tsob ntoo.

3. ib suam ntawm vaj tse raws li cov qauv ntawm cov muaj:

• ntawm me me-sized Cheebtsam (qhov no constructive ntsiab ntawm cov vaj tse, uas yog tsiv ntawm lub chaw siv siv me me khoom los yog manually);
• ntawm loj-qhov loj qhov Cheebtsam (rau installation ntawm cov ntsiab siv loj heev cranes thiab cov cav tov);
• Monolithic (ua ntej ua qhob mix muab tso nyob rau hauv lub puab ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov kev siv qhov chaw, qhov chaw uas muaj nws solidification).

4. Durability:

• I - lub sij hawm ntawm lub lag luam rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo;
• II - los ntawm 50 mus rau 100 xyoo;
• III - los ntawm 50 mus rau 20 xyoo;
• IV - mus txog rau 20 xyoo (ib ntus vaj tse).

5. nyob capital:

• 1 chav kawm ntawv - qauv, tau mus ntsib ntau zog xav tau. Lub ntsiab vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub nroog nrog ib tug presumptive lub sij hawm ntawm lub lag luam ntau tshaj 70 xyoo (noj, puas, theaters, kev cai cov chaw). Qhov no tej zaum kuj muaj xws li lub cim vaj tse ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb nrog ib tug lub neej ntawm ntau tshaj 100 xyoo (Khetos tus Cawm Seej Cathedral, Kremlin Palace ntawm congresses , thiab hais txog. D.).
• Qib 2 - qauv, tau mus ntsib hauv nruab nrab yuav tsum. Loj heev kev tsim kho, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog loj hlob, nrog ib tug presumptive lub sij hawm ntawm lub lag luam ntawm tsis tsawg tshaj li 50 xyoo (office vaj tse, cov chaw ntiav pw, multi-storey thaj vaj tse).
• Peb chav kawm ntawv - cov qauv uas tau raws li qhov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm medium-qhov loj qhov me thiab txo (khaub-ncaws nyias vaj tse nrog qis peev lag luam presumptive lub sij hawm ntawm 25 mus 50 xyoo).
• Qib 4 - lub tsev nrog tsawg kawg yuav tsum.

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv xaiv tsev thiab kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv. Rau high-end sib ntawm muaj zog thiab lub sij hawm-cov pov thawj refractory slabs thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm ntawm muab serviceable thiab ntev-lub sij hawm siv tsis tau heev txij nkawm.

Ib suam ntawm vaj tse thiab lug rau hluav taws kub teeb meem

Tag nrho cov vaj tse nyob rau hluav taws txaus ntshai raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv. Lub division nyob ntawm seb yam ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm lub tsev thiab yuav ua li cas txoj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub hnub nyoog, physiological mob, qhov yuav tshwm ntawm kev ua nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm pw tsaug zog, lub hom ntawm cov yooj yim haumxeeb qauv thiab nws lub zog.

Ib suam ntawm vaj tse thiab lug:

• F1 - cov qauv txhais rau lub ib ntus nyob ntawm cov pej xeem (cov kev tshawb fawb, kev ua hauj lwm, cov chaw ntiav pw, catering, thiab lwm yam) raws li tau zoo raws li rau mus tas li qhov chaw nyob.
• F2 - qhov chaw rau kev ua si.
• F3 - ua lag ua luam lub tsev nyob rau cov pej xeem 'cov kev pab cuam (khw, catering, tsheb ciav hlau qhov chaw nres tsheb, tsev kho mob, post chaw ua hauj lwm, cov tsev txhab nyiaj, thiab lwm yam).
• F4 - thaj chaw npaj rau kev tshawb fawb, cov tsev kawm ntawv, lub tsev ntawm lwm yam uas, tua hluav taws.
• F5 - thaj chaw thiab cov chaw uas muaj los yog warehouse hom phiaj, archives. Manufacturing thiab warehouse chaw, xws li lub chaw soj nstuam thiab kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv F1, F2, F3 thiab F4, F5 yog ranked mus rau lub chav kawm ntawv.

Heev tseem ceeb kev faib ntawm vaj tse thiab lug. Basic hluav taws kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai thov kom ntxawg uas yuav tsum tau rau kev khiav tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub.

Ib suam ntawm vaj tse thiab lug rau hluav taws kub kuj

Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev tsim kho yog tshwm sim los ntawm sib tshooj ntawm lawv hluav taws kuj, los ntawm cov uas yog meant lub sij hawm tom qab uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub muaj yog ib tug ntawm peb ntsuas:

• obvalivanie sib tshooj;
• tsos rau hauv lub qab nthab ntawm tej kab nrib pleb los yog qhov (combustion gases nkag mus rau ib sab chav) ;
• cua sov ntawm lub slab rau kub uas ntxias txawj combustion ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nyob ib sab chav (140-220S).

Lub peev xwm ntawm lub tsev cov plag tsev yog yus muaj los ntawm hluav taws-kuj ntsuam xyuas. Hom ntawm hluav taws kuj ntawm vaj tse:

• I - nrog pob zeb lug (fireproof).
• II - nrog pob zeb lug (nonflammable thiab nonflammable).
• III - nrog pob zeb lug (nonflammable, nonflammable thiab cov).
• IV - plastered nrog ntoo.
• V - nrog ntoo plastered.

hluav taws kub ciam teb:

• tej hub cib - 5 h;
• silicate cib - 5 h;
• qhob slab - 4 teev (splitting tshwm sim vim cov muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov dej rau 8%);
• ntoo nrog ib tug plaster txheej - 1 h 15 min;
• hlau qauv - 20 feeb (1100-1200S - hlau yuav zas);
• pem hauv ntej lub qhov rooj yog raug nplaim taws retardant kev kho mob - 1 teev.

Ntxeem tau ua vaj tse, hollow cib muaj lub siab tua hluav taws kuj. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus hluav taws kub kuj pib tau raug hlau installation, thiab siab tshaj plaws - ua kev reinforced.