Kev hloov kho ntawm plastids - ib qho tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Plastids: qauv, muaj nuj nqi

Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thawj organelles xws li plastids. Qauv, tshwj xeeb yog lawv metabolic dab, raws li tau zoo raws li chloroplasts nqi chromoplasts thiab leucoplasts yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Tus qauv ntawm lub chloroplast

Ntsuab plastid qauv uas peb kawm txog rau yuav tsum tau organelles ntawm hlwb ntawm ntau dua spore thiab noob nroj tsuag. Lawv yog cov dvuhmembrannymi cell organelles thiab yog dawb nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lawv tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm tej zaum yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, hlwb columnar haus luam yeeb nplooj parenchyma phaj muaj txog li txhiab tus chloroplasts nyob rau hauv lub stems ntawm cereal tsob nroj tsev neeg los ntawm 30 mus rau 50.

Ob week yog ib feem ntawm lub organelle, muaj ntau lug: tus txheej - du, peb txheej, zoo ib yam li daim nyias nyias ntawm feem ntau cog hlwb. Internal comprises ib plurality ntawm folds, hu ua lamellae. Cov uas nyob ib sab tiaj pouches - thylakoids. Lub lamellae tsim ib tug network ntawm thaum uas tig mus tubules. Nruab nrab ntawm lub lamellae yog thylakoids-hlwb. Lawv sau nyob rau hauv sib tsub sib nias - ntsej muag uas yuav sib thooj,. Lawv tus naj npawb ib chloroplast - 60-150. Tag nrho sab hauv kab noj hniav uas muaj cov ib tug matrix ntawm lub chloroplast.

Organelle muaj tej yam tshwm sim ntawm autonomy: nws tus kheej kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom - yeej DNA, los ntawm cov uas chloroplasts yuav multiply. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj yog ib tug raug kaw txheej membrane bounding lub organelle los ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Chloroplasts muaj lawv tus kheej ribosomes thiab RNA molecules thiab cov tRNA, thiab yog li, cov muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke proteins.

zog thylakoids

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, tus plastids ntawm cog hlwb - chloroplasts, muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tshwj xeeb flattened hnab hu ua thylakoids. Lawv nrhiav tau pigments - chlorophylls (muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv photosynthesis) thiab carotenoids (kev khiav hauj lwm pab txhawb nqa thiab trophic muaj nuj nqi). Muaj kuj yog enzyme system, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav muab ib lub teeb thiab tsaus ntuj nti theem ntawm photosynthesis. Thylakoids muaj nuj nqi raws li antennas: lawv tsom teeb rays thiab nyiaj tso ncaj lawv mus rau ib tug chlorophyll molecule.

Photosynthesis - lub ntsiab txoj kev ntawm chloroplasts

Autotrophic hlwb yuav tau coj los ua ke organic tshuaj, nyob rau hauv particular qabzib, siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab lub teeb lub zog. Ntsuab plastid muaj nuj nqi uas peb kawm, yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm lub phototrophic - multicellular kab mob, xws li:

• ntau dua spore nroj tsuag (mosses, horsetails, qws mosses, ferns);
• noob (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye thiab angiosperms los yog flowering nroj tsuag).

Photosynthesis - ib tug system ntawm oxidation-txo tshua, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv electron hloov txheej txheem los ntawm pub tshuaj rau tebchaw "perceiving" lawv, yog li ntawd-hu ua acceptors.

Cov tshua ua rau lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj, nyob rau hauv particular qabzib, thiab cov kev sib cais ntawm molecular oxygen. Lub teeb theem ntawm photosynthesis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thylakoid week nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb lub zog. Lub absorbed photons siab electrons teeb magnesium atoms muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab xim - chlorophyll.

Lub electron zog yog siv rau lub hwj chim-consuming synthesis tshuaj ATP thiab NADP-H2. Lawv phua lub cell rau qhov tsaus ntuj nti theem tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub matrix ntawm lub chloroplast. Lub totality ntawm cov khoom cua tshua ua rau cov tsim ntawm molecules qabzib, amino acids, glycerol thiab fatty acids, uas pab raws li lub tsev hlwb thiab trophic khoom.

hom plastids

Ntsuab plastid qauv thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm cov uas peb saib ua ntej lawm, yog nyob rau hauv cov nplooj, stems, thiab ntsuab yeej tsis tus tsuas yog zoo. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nyob rau hauv lub petals ntawm flowering nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv tus txheej npog ntawm underground runners - tubers thiab qhov muag, muaj lwm yam plastids. Lawv hu ua chromoplasts los yog leucoplasts.

Tsis muaj kob organelles (leucoplasts) muaj ntau daim thiab sib txawv los ntawm chloroplasts uas lawv puab kab noj hniav twb tsis muaj nyias daim hlau - lamella, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm thylakoids kos nyob rau hauv lub matrix me me. Matrix nws tus kheej muaj ib tug deoxyribonucleic acid, lub protein-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes thiab proteolytic enzymes uas zom cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates.

Leucoplasts kuj enzymes - synthetase koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm zib molecules ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Thiaj li tsis muaj kob plastids ntawm cog hlwb accumulates hloov cov as-ham: protein pellets thiab pob kws hmoov txhuv nplej. Cov plastids yog cov kev khiav dej num ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov organic tshuaj yuav hloov mus rau hauv chromoplasts, piv txwv li thaum lub sij hawm ripening ntawm txiv lws suav, nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm lactic siav lawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob PP muaj ib tug siab daws teeb meem, kom meej meej pom sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tag nrho peb hom plastids. Qhov no feem ntau txhawj xeeb chloroplasts nrog rau feem ntau complex qauv txuam nrog cov kev ua ntawm photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids xim

Nrog rau ntsuab thiab tsis muaj kob nyob rau hauv cog hlwb muaj ib tug thib peb saib organelles hu ua chromoplasts. Lawv muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov xim: daj, ntshav, liab. Lawv cov qauv yog zoo li leucoplasts: lub puab membrane muaj ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm lamellae thiab ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm thylakoids. Chromoplasts muaj ntau yam pigments: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, koom haum pab photosynthetic tshuaj. Nws yog ib cov plastids muab xim ntawm beet keeb kwm, carrots, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo thiab berries.

Raws li muaj thiab nrog hloov plastids

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - lub plastids (qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi uas peb kawm), muaj ib qho keeb kwm. Lawv muab tau los ntawm meristematic (kev kawm) ntaub so ntswg, uas yog tsim nyob rau protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles txog li 1 micron. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb, lawv cov nyom nws cov qauv: lub puab membrane yog tsim muaj lamellae, thiab yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsuab xim chlorophyll. Protoplastidy ua chloroplasts. Leucoplasts kuj yuav hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb lub zog rau ntsuab plastids, thiab ces nyob rau hauv chromoplasts. Kev hloov kho ntawm lub plastid - yog ib tug ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Chromatophores li cov predecessors ntawm chloroplasts

Prokaryotic phototrophic kab mob - ntsuab thiab purple cov kab mob, photosynthetic txheej txheem yog ua siv A bacteriochlorophyll uas nws molecules cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv lub puab cytoplasmic membrane outgrowths. Microbiologists ntseeg chromatophores ntawm cov kab mob predecessors plastids.

Qhov no yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm lawv cov uas zoo sib xws rau chloroplasts qauv, namely lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov chaw thiab svetoulavlivayuschih systems thiab tau photosynthesis, ua rau lub tsim ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsawg nroj tsuag - ntsuab algae, raws li zoo raws li prokaryotes, muaj plastids. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias kev kawm ntawv hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores coj li lawv lub zog - photosynthesis.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus chloroplasts

Ntawm cov ntau hypotheses ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub plastid siab rau symbiogenesis. Raws li nws lub tswv yim, plastids - hlwb (chloroplasts) uas sawv nyob rau hauv Archean era vim allergic ntawm cov thawj cell heterotrophic phototrophic kab mob. Lawv tom qab coj mus rau tsim ntawm ntsuab plastids.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no peb kawm cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm cog ntawm tes organelles dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts thiab chromoplasts. Thiab paub lawv tus nqi nyob rau hauv cell kev ua si.