Kev tsav tsheb kiag khoom pov tseg - yog yam khoom los yog cov khoom uas muaj coob tus neeg lub zog. tsev neeg pov tseg

Kev tsav tsheb kiag khoom pov tseg - yog khoom thiab npas (xws li tawg tsam) uas tau poob lawv cov thawj zog thiab tau ces muab pov tseg tawm los ntawm lawv cov tswv. Nrog rau cov khoom muaj pov tseg, lawv sawv cev ib tug loj kev hem thawj rau lub cheeb tsam thiab yuav siv.

Tsev neeg pov tseg tsis tsuas txo cov ib puag ncig qhov teeb meem no, tab sis kuj yog ib tug qhov chaw ntawm ib co nqi ntxiv txuam nrog nws sau thiab pov tseg. Raws li lub zos loj hlob, cov nqi no ua rau kom. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom pov tseg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tau tsim txawv yees rau lawv ua. Qhov tseem ecologically kev nyab xeeb thiab technologically advanced daws yog qhov kev sib cais ntawm khib nyiab thiab lawv tom ntej siv raws li ib tug thib ob raw khoom.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom pov tseg

Txuam cov khoom pov tseg - txaus ntshai teeb meem. Paug ntawm av los ntawm ntau hom ntawm pov tseg yog kis txhua txhia qhov chaw. Ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm nws yog tawg nyob rau lub ntiaj teb nto nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tawg tsam los yog pawg (landfills). Nkim thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm lub dej hiav txwv.

Ib tug tseem ceeb kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom pov tseg - cov khoom ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev khoom. Lawv yog cov resistant polymeric tebchaw nrog ntev ib nrab-lub neej. Qhov tseem environmentally teeb meem ntawm uas nws yog ib polyvinyl tshuaj dawb (PVC), uas yog txuam nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Khib nyiab, raws li muab piv nrog polymers yog considerably tsawg dua ntawm ib tug kev hem thawj rau lub cheeb tsam.

Environmental txaus ntshai txuam nrog MSW

Tej yam uas cov khib nyiab nyob rau hauv lub biosphere ntau haiv neeg, loj scale thiab nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua tus neeg mob tsis zoo. Options MSW tej yam rau cov ib puag ncig raws li nram no:

• Clogging ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto tsev neeg pov tseg. Cov hnab yas thiab lwm yam ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg yog ib qho chaw khuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nrog rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lom productivity, ceev ntawm av tsim. Nyob rau hauv pas dej, seas thiab oceans tsev neeg khib nyiab yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ntawm evaporation ntawm cov dej saum npoo.
• Kev ua qias tuaj MSW lwj cov khoom. Qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tej teeb meem txuam nrog rau tsev neeg pov tseg. Lub lwj polymers evolve lom tebchaw uas tshuaj lom tus av thiab cov dej hauv av. Tsis muaj tsawg teeb meem cov khoom thiab lawv combustion. Muaj ntau landfills yog tas li haus luam yeeb, ua rau lub cua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv densely populated cheeb tsam. Cov feem ntau txaus ntshai thiab hais rau MSW combustion cov khoom no yog dioxin, uas yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm PVC. Nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau lom ntawm cov paub science tshuaj tebchaw. Qhov zoo ces, tus ncaws tawm cov nqi ntawm cov dioxin thaum hlawv tsis yog li ntawd zoo kawg hais tias nws yuav lom, li cas los xij, nws pab mus rau lub zuag qhia tag nrho kev ua qias tuaj yog heev tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus decomposition khoom thiab ntau yam polymers combustion tsev neeg tshuaj, hnyav hlau, asbestos slate, hydrocarbons thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj kuj pab txhawb zuag qhia tag nrho kev ua qias tuaj. Lub txim yuav ua tau horrific:

• Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsiaj thiab ntses. Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov noog thiab ntses yuav nqos me me yas khoom, uas tej zaum kuj ua rau yus mus rau lawv tuag raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm thoob khib nyiab nyob rau hauv lub digestive system. Thaum uas muaj feem yuav yog thiab cov tsiaj uas pub rau landfills, raws li ib tug siab ntau yam ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom.
• Deterioration ntawm kab mob qhov teeb meem no. Khib Nyiab heaps yog feem ntau tug yug me nyuam hauv av rau pathogens uas yuav pab tau rau lwm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg nas tsev.
• Cov poob ntawm aesthetic tsis txaus siab ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Nrhiav cov tsev neeg pov tseg tsis txhua leej txhua tus yuav zoo li. Tas li, lub ntxhiab tsw, qhov uas yuav ntawm txais ib tug kab mob, kab mob sib kis ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub springs - tag nrho cov uas muaj peev xwm ho tsis tau ib tug so ntawm qhov xwm.
• Tej yam nyob rau hauv kev nyab xeeb. Yas films thiab iav ncua los ntawm lub cua sov tawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, yuav ua tau rau ib lub zos nce nyob rau hauv lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv thiab lub ntiaj teb nto kub. Loj accumulations ntawm cov thoob khib nyiab yog haum haib qhov chaw ntawm methane, uas yog tso tawm rau cov cua, tsub kom lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv.
• av ntsoos ntsoos. Landfills yog vim li cas rau cov yuav txo tau tsis muaj qhov chaw uas yuav siv tau rau kev tsim kho, kev tsim squares los yog chaw ua si. Qhov no qhov teeb meem yog heev tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm loj thiab medium-qhov loj qhov me lub zos.

Suam ntawm cov khoom pov tseg

Ib tug unified system rau lub division rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov khib nyiab tsis ua ib ke. Chiv MSW sawv cev rau ib tug tib yuag tag nrho. Txawm li cas los, kiag khoom pov tseg - nws yog heev txawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub Cheebtsam. Qhov tseem ntau cov MSW yog: hlau, yas, iav, ntoo, ntawv thiab cov duab los qhia. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws pov tseg faib yog lub hauv paus ntawm cais sau thiab ub. Tseem ces muab pov tseg ib tug loj thiab ces muab cia rau hauv lub Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv landfills.

Recycling ntawm zog pov tseg

Pov tseg ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yuav siv los ntawm ntau yam kev kawm. Feem ntau yog tam sim no txoj kev pov tseg ntawm kiag khoom pov tseg - yog:

• txhua yam ua txoj kev.
• Dumping tus khib nyiab nyob rau hauv landfills (landfills).
• Incineration.
• Complex ua.
• Kev siv cov biotechnology.

Tshem tawm rau cov uas khib yog tsoos thiab feem ntau environmentally teeb meem txoj kev "pov tseg" los ntawm MSW. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws nws tseem tuas ib tug leading txoj hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo lub ntim, uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog pov tseg nyob rau hauv landfills, lawv yog feem ntau teem on hluav taws, ua rau kis ntawm yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub chaw loj loj thiab lub deterioration ntawm huab cua tsis zoo. Faib thaum lub sij hawm combustion dumps cov khoom muaj heev pronounced tsw thiab muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob. Qhov ntev landfills nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog lossi ua.

pov tseg kev kho mob

Thaum lub caij, muaj ntau ntau txoj kev pov tseg. Lub ntsiab txoj kev uas pab rau cov txheej txheem kiag khoom pov tseg - yog:

• Neeg kho tshuab recycling - yog ib tug txheej ntawm hauj khiav hauj lwm ntawm kev sib tsoo, nias, briquetting. Tag nrho cov no ua rau yus compaction thiab txo pov tseg ntim rau 10 lub sij hawm, ua rau nws yooj yim dua kev thauj mus los thiab cia. Txawm li cas los, cov kev xwb simplifies pov tseg teeb meem tab sis tsis tau daws tau nws kiag li.

• Integrated pov tseg tswj yuav lub creation ntawm pov tseg sorting thiab pov tseg kev kho mob nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj kauj ruam lub pov tseg yog partitioned nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm cov khoom (iav, yas, hlau thiab thiaj li nyob. D.), Thiab ces xa mus rau ua rau cov coj nroj tsuag. Qhov no txoj kev ntawm pov tseg yuav tau txais tshem ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov khoom pov tseg thiab tau theem nrab raw cov ntaub ntawv.
• Lom txoj kev tso cai rau ua kom tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm cov muaj pov tseg rau decomposition ntawm cov organic seem ntawm kab mob, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug thiaj li hu ua vermicompost. Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov kev cai hom liab Californian cab.

briquetting

Briquetting yog expediently nqa tawm tom qab lub extraction ntawm ntau nqi yam. Seem khib nyiab mechanically compacted thiab fej. Cov tsim briquettes yog ntau yooj yim nyob rau hauv cia, thauj thiab pov tseg.

composting

Composting - ib tug lom txoj kev ua nyob rau hauv uas lub pov tseg ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yog nqa tawm los ntawm lub creation ntawm thiaj li hu ua nplooj lwg heaps. Nyob nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab lub neej kev kawm ntawv nplooj lwg yog los ntawm 2-10 lub lis piam mus 1-3 xyoos.

Siv twj raws li theem nrab raw cov ntaub ntawv

Feem ntau cov tseem muaj sia nyob cov khoom zoo tu qab tso, ua nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo lub xeev thiab reused. Qhov no siv nyob rau hauv ib co Lavxias teb sab lub zos. Khob, hlau, txhuas thiab lwm yam co yuav melted thiab reused. Secondarily yuav siv tau thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm pov tseg ntawv.

Recycling ntawm yas los ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg yog tsis ua nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li nws yog suav tias yog marginal. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj cov loj loj tso ntawm cov roj thiab cov roj, uas muab siab-zoo raw cov ntaub ntawv.

Incineration ntawm cov khib nyiab

MSW incineration yuav tau txais tshem ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm pov tseg, tiam sis nws kuj muaj loj drawbacks. Thaum hlawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua lub caij nplooj zeeg yas teeb meem tshuaj, feem ntau ntawm uas tsis yog lom dioxin.

Vim li no, nyob rau hauv lub tsim lub teb chaws yog tam sim no mus deb ntawm no txoj kev ntawm pov tseg pov tseg. Ib qho ntxiv yog qhov uas paug thaum hlawv MSW centrally - ib tug muaj hmoov quav emissions thiab cov hmoov tshauv tsim muaj kab noj hniav tsis burnt tawg tsam uas tej zaum yuav ib feem peb ntawm cov thawj lub ntim ntawm pov tseg. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib tug ntau dua kev ruaj chav kawm ntawv tshaj tus thawj khoom pov tseg thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau ntau stringent tej yam kev mob ntawm cia thiab pov tseg.

Yuav kom incineration coj ntau li ntau tau siv nyob rau hauv thaj teb chaws yog me nyuam no yuav siv nws ua ib qhov chaw rau cov hluav taws xob thiab tshav kub. Qhov no thiaj li qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov pob txha. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no yog qhov zoo co incinerator nyob rau hauv Vienna. Muaj niaj hnub technologies siv, los ntawm kev uas lub combustion txheej txheem yuav ntau ruaj ntseg.

Sau los ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation

Nyob rau hauv Russia qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg los ntawm cheeb tsam nroog yog tswj los ntawm tsab xov xwm 13 ntawm txoj cai lij choj nyob rau hauv "lawm thiab noj Khib". Standard hlau ntim (thoob khib nyiab tau) yog siv rau tus sau los ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg. Qhov no ua hauj lwm los ntawm lub Soviet era.

Feem ntau, lub thoob khib nyiab yog pov tseg nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev apartment. Tam sim no, cov me nyuam no yog ua los rau lub koom haum ntawm cais sau los ntawm pov tseg, raws li muaj nyob rau hauv raws li tsab xov xwm 13 ntawm lub Act. Qhov kev sib cais yog ua nyob rau hauv lub nram no: yas ntim, textiles, daim ntawv, iav, hlau, organic zaub pov tseg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau ntawm no taw tes rau hauv cov huab hwm coj cov kev taw qhia txog koj tsev neeg pov tseg sorting coj yog tsis tau txais.

Kev tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg

Rau kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg siv tshwj xeeb machinery - thoob khib nyiab. Lawv txawv los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:

• Siv: lub tshuab siv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw thiab thauj, tsim los ua hauj lwm nrog loj pov tseg (tua pov tseg);
• los ntawm lub ntim ntawm lub cev;
• raws li cov qauv ntawm cov chaw thau khoom;
• ntaus cov neeg kho tshuab foob khib nyiab;
• qhov xwm ntawm cov kws khoom pov tseg.

Lub hom phiaj yog mus los tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg pov tseg chaw. Nyob rau hauv loj lub zos, thoob khib nyiab pov tseg yog nyuab los ntawm ib tug loj deb, uas yuav tsum tsis tu ncua kov yeej lub tshuab.

Sau thiab ib ntus cia ntawm pov tseg

Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tus sau los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yog lub feem ntau kim theem ntawm lawv lub siv. Ntev mus, uas yuav tsum muaj txoj kev khib nyiab tsheb nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog loj, thiab ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm lub thoob khib nyiab generated rog yuav ntsuas rau cov muaj kuab npaj ntawm tus sau los system. Tib yam vim li, nws yog tsim nyog los tsa lub tariff rau pov tseg tshem tawm rau kev cai lij choj chaw. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntxiv pov tseg vim lub lag luam los ntawm coj mus muag outlets, thiab txhais li cas rau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tej khib nyiab yog feem ntau tsis txaus.

Tau tov ib yog muab ib nrab cia noj MSW los ntawm tua pov tseg yuav tsum thauj mus rau lub site ntawm kev siv siv ntau yam kev thauj mus los nrog rau u.

Txoj kev rau sorting tsev neeg pov tseg

Thaum pov tseg sorting yog cais los ntawm cov yuag tag nrho ntawm tej yam fractions uas yuav raug xa mus rau ub. Ua li no, nram qab no txoj kev yog siv:

• Sib Nqus sib cais. Nws yog raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm cov haib hlau nplaum uas nyiam raws li ferrous hlau alloys. rov qab piv txog 90% ntawm tag nrho cov luj ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv lub pov tseg.
• Electrodynamic sib cais. Nws yog siv rau cov kev tshem tawm ntawm txhuas, bronze thiab tooj dag. rov qab tus nqi tshaj 80%.
• Lub aerodynamic sib cais no yog siv kom tshem tawm cov polymer thiab cov yuag tag nrho ntawm daim ntawv pov tseg. Qhov no txoj kev muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim ib tug muaj zog cua khiav, uas lub lighter feem sib cais los ntawm hnyav.
• Ballistic sib cais yog raws li nyob rau hauv cia li hloov nyob rau hauv ceev thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog ntawm lub pov tseg site, uas tso cai rau kom nyias muaj nyias elastic Cheebtsam ntawm dej khov dua. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau los extract ntawm lub iav thiab ib co lwm yam khib nyiab.

Dua li ntawm qhov mus pab txhawb kev pov tseg txoj kev, tus nqi ntawm cov khib nyiab yog nce los ntawm 3% txhua xyoo.