Tsim, Science
Leej twg muaj lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "neeg - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj"?
Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws - tus menyuam txaj hauv philosophy, txoj, Sociology, thiab lwm yam sciences, yam uas nws tsis yooj yim xav txog tej yam peb lub ntiaj teb. Lub paaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm Hellas yug kiag lub tswv yim tshiab thiab lub tswvyim ntawm lub xeev, tib neeg lub neej ... thiab mus rau lub loj tshaj raws li, peb yuav tsum ua tsaug rau qhov no tus naas ej philosopher Aristotle, uas nws lub npe, nrog rau Plato thiab Socrates paub rau txhua yam ntawm peb. Nws tau nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tej yam ntuj tso science, logic, rhetoric, philosophy, ethics yuav tham endlessly. Nws yog nws leej twg hais tias ib tug txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj. Yuav kom to taub li cas yog meant by Aristotle, los yog ib me ntsis ntxaum mus rau hauv nws tej lus qhia.
Aristotle: ib tug luv luv biography
"Tus txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj ..." Aristotle, tus sau ntawm no hais tias, nws nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm loj tshaj txoj kev vam meej ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, nyob rau hauv 384-322. BC. e. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv Stagira, ib tug me me Greek colony nyob ze ntawm lub hauv Makadaunias ciam teb. Feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv Athens, qhov uas nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv nom tswv lub neej. Nws yog tseem paub ua tus xib fwb Aleksandra Makedonskogo, rau cov uas ces, thaum lub rebellion tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv Athens tiv thaiv cov hauv Makadaunias tsoom fwv tau raug txim.
tus ntawm Plato
Aristotle kawm nyob rau Academy ntawm Plato thiab yog tiag tiag tus phooj ywg nrog tus kws qhia ntawv, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm kev sib nrig sib hais tsis sib haum ntawm qhov ntau thiab xwm. Plato, Aristotle criticized lub zoo kawg li style ntawm cov khaub ncaws, nws txoj kev hlub rau hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kev tu, xav tias nws tsis tsim nyog rau cov philosopher. Aristotle, ua yog ib tug Platonist, tsis ntev pib mus nug ib co ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Plato. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm lawv cov theories teem rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev "tagnrho" lub xeev, lub xeev ntawm keeb kwm, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tsoom fwv, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm haiv neeg thiab tus neeg khiav dej num nyob rau hauv nws. Hais tias Aristotle yog rho nrog hais tias, "Plato - kuv tus phooj ywg, tab sis qhov tseeb yog kim kim." Tsuas yog tus metaphysical theories txog lub keeb kwm ntawm ntsuj plig thiab teeb meem, lub thwj tim coj nkaus rau tus kws qhia ntawv. Yog li, nws yuav suav hais tias ib tug muaj teeb meem thiab txawm ib ntus heev ntawm Plato thiab Aristotle raws li ib tug zoo teeb meem no, vim hais tias lub ntsiab feature ntawm lub philosopher yog yuav tsum tau meej pem "lub sijhawm twg los" uas yog, nug lus nug, to taub thiab rethinking ntawm uas twb muaj lawm theories nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov tseeb. Hais tias Plato pab nws zoo tshaj plaws tus menyuam kawm ntawv los tsim ib tug sib txawv kiag li cov qauv ntawm lub xeev thiab cov neeg.
Leej twg yog tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv Aristotle?
Yuav kom to taub zoo li cas xyov ib tug neeg qhia raws li ib tug nom tswv tsiaj, Aristotle nyob rau hauv nws treatise rau "Txoj", yuav tsum tau txiav txim seb leej twg Aristotle feem ntau yog ib tug txiv neej, thiab leej twg tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv lub ancient nroog-states, xws li Athens, ¾ lub neej ua qhev, leej twg twb tsis muaj civil rights. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tsis muaj ntawm cov Greek philosopher tsis kam lees Vajtswv lub tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua cev qhev, ntseeg qhev cov neeg "los ntawm qhov npaj rau subordination." Sib nrug ntawm no, cov pej xeem yog tsis suav tias yog neeg txawv teb chaws thiab craftsmen. Li no, Aristotle, hais tias ib tug txiv neej - nws yog ib tug nom tswv tsiaj, meant tsuas rau cov tswv cuab ntawm juries thiab lub teb chaws cov nqi. Ib tug me me daim ntawv: cov poj niam kuj tsis muaj lub fullness of civil rights, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov haiv neeg.
Txoj: lub ntsiab txhais ntawm Aristotle
Thaum soj ntsuam ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "txiv neej", koj yuav tau npaj mus rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lo lus "kev nom kev tswv", "nom tswv". Greek etymology ntawm lo lus, thiab nws yog Ameslikas piav statecraft. Txoj cai los ntawm lo lus "txoj cai", uas yog ib lub nroog nyob rau hauv ancient Greece nrog circumlocution ua liaj ua teb chaw, nws tus kheej pab tub rog thiab diplomatic kev sib raug zoo. Raws li, tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog, cov rooj sib tham, pov ntawv xaiv tsa, civil luag num, piv txwv li tag nrho cov pej xeem - qhov no yog kev nom kev tswv. Tsev neeg thiab cov private ua lag ua luam nyob rau hauv pawg no tsis muaj. Aristotle txawv peb "txoj cai" hom tsoom fwv: monarchy, aristocracy thiab polity (feem ntau txoj cai). Polity yog rau nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws vim hais tias nws combines qhov wealth ntawm tus oligarchy, lub aristocracy ntawm virtue thiab txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev cai ywj pheej. Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov no "tagnrho" ntawm lub teb chaws yuav tsum yog tus tub rog (Cyprus thiab Sparta twb rau Aristotle tus kev tshawb xav xav tau piv txwv). Qhov ntawd yog "cov nom tswv" nyob rau hauv lub catch kab lus "txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj" - nws txhais tau tias "pej xeem, tsim txiaj, kev, civil."
Vim li cas ib tug txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj?
Qhov no kab lus los ua nrov thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment, thaum nws yog nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv hais Sharl Monteske - tus naas ej Fabkis philosopher thiab kev nom kev tswv theorist. Tej zaum koj yuav hnov qhov tseeb Greek qhia: zoon politikon. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev, cov kab lus "txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj" yuav tsum tau to taub raws li nram no: Tsuas yog cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub tsim zej zog, cov neeg muaj peev xwm tsim raws li ib tug neeg. Yuav coj li cov neeg - ib tug natural xav tau ntawm cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm cov haiv neeg ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm tsis paub cov kev virtues tsim nyog rau cov hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev. Ib tug zoo lub xeev Aristotle muab heev nyob rau hauv lawv cov hierarchy ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, hu rau ib tug txiv neej ib tug tsiaj - tsis zoo heev, tab sis raws li ib tug ci ntsa iab naturalist Aristotle to taub hais tias txhua tus neeg muaj ib tug lom ntsiab cai, thiab hais tias yog qhov zoo. Thiab cov neeg ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm qhov, mus nyob rau hauv lub "pab tsiaj", tsis tau poob rau hauv lub siab ntawm tib neeg (!) Dignity thiab ib tug noj qab nyob zoo lub siab.
lub xeev tswvyim
Hais txog lub xeev, peb yuav xa mus rau lub Greek polis uas Aristotle (raws li, tseeb, thiab Plato) ntaus nqi tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug tiv nuj nqi. Lub philosopher ntseeg tias lub hom phiaj ntawm tsoom fwv yog los xyuas kom meej ib tug zoo siab (ncaj ncees, muaj nqis tib yam nyiaj txiag) lub neej rau txhua txhua tus pej xeem. Lub hav zoov ntawm cov kev cai thiab lawv ua raws li cov ennobling ntawm tus txiv neej, thiab hauv lub xeev nws tus kheej yog tsis muaj dab tsi lwm tus tab sis kev cais ntawm cov tsev neeg, genera thiab lub zos.
nthuav lus tseeb
- Aristotle yog tus poj niam Pythias - biologist thiab embryologist (muaj tsawg heev txoj hauj lwm rau cov poj niam nyob rau hauv ancient Greece). Tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag rau hauv lub philosopher pib mus nyob nrog nws qhev, thiab lawv tau muaj ib tug tub.
- Aristotle, tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws kuj zoo kawg xib fwb qhib nws lub tsev kawm ntawv - Lyceum.
- Aleksandr Makedonsky raws li ib tug ua tsaug rau koj cov kev txawj ntse xa Aristotle ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab los ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lawv ciaj ciam.
- Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov philosopher yog tus thawj ntse. Ntawm lwm yam, yog tus founder ntawm meteorology thiab psychology.
- Rau lub fact tias nyob sab Europe civilization niaj hnub no muaj kev nkag tau mus rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle, yuav tsum ua tsaug rau cov koom pheej, leej twg siab kawg rau cov philosopher txoj kev xav thiab kub siab lug theej nws ua hauj lwm.
Cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej
Neeg twg uas belongs rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm tus txiv neej raws li ib tug nom tswv tsiaj, ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nom kev tswv xav tshaj tag nrho cov philosophers thiab zaum nram qab no centuries. Hais tias Aristotle has txug txiv neej lub chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab lub luag hauj lwm, formulated zog ntawm lub xeev, uas yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv feem ntau niaj hnub lub teb chaws, thiab txoj kev los mus tsim ib tug faib ntawm tsoom fwv - thiab qhov no yog tag nrho xwb nyob rau hauv nom tswv science! "Txoj" Aristotle tseem kawm menyuam kawm ntawv nyob lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws tej hauj lwm ntawv doctoral dissertations, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tau tshwm sim los ntawm xws li poj minds ntawm yav dhau los, xws li Thomas Aquinas, Marsilius ntawm Padua thiab Dante Alighieri. Aristotle yuav hais yam tsis tau cheem, thiab peb tam sim no paub hais tias nws belongs rau nws hais tias: "Tus txiv neej - ib tug nom tswv tsiaj." Sau heev heev treatises thiab nrov scientific tej hauj lwm tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug ntawm cov wisest cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej.
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