Loj engineering nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia

Zog ntawm Guj kuj - muaj lub teb chaws nrog ib tug ntev li keeb kwm ntawm muaj kev loj hlob. Raws li, lub Lavxias teb sab tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag ua si ib tug uas luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tag nrho cov ntim uas muaj ntau lawm qhia tawm rau ntawm engineering cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv lub chav 20%. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo nruab nrab theem, txawm li cas los, nws yog tsim nyog los ntxiv, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm industrialized lub teb chaws, qhov no daim duab yog nyob ze rau 40% los yog ntau tshaj.

Qhov chaw kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam

Lavxias teb sab mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag txoj kev sib tw hauv thawj qhov chaw nrog rau cov pob txha roj kev lag luam thiab ho tshaj lwm yam sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, nws qhia nyob rau hauv lub "general piggy" nrog 28% (1990) dov mus txog 16% (1995), tab sis, ces pib ib tus rov qab. By pib ntawm lub XXI xyoo pua nuj nqis ntau zog rau 19%, thiab los ntawm 2015 - 22%.

Nyob rau hauv 2013, lub Lavxias teb sab tshuab-tsev factories khwv tau $ 190 billion (6 trillion rubles). Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv Russia muaj 19 muaj ceg, ntau tshaj ib puas sub-sectors thiab ib tug neeg industries. Lub engineering muab kev koom tes tshaj 40,000 lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov ntau thiab tsawg thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tswv cuab (2000 ntawm lawv - loj loj), uas yog ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj qhauj. 1/3 ntawm tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm pejxeem yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub lag luam: ntau tshaj 4.5 lab cov neeg (3.5 lab ntawm lawv - ua hauj lwm). Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab txiav txim seb cov kev sib raug tseem ceeb ntawm cov sector nyob rau hauv muab kev pab ua hauj lwm.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia twb koom nyob rau hauv cov hlau ua txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial. Nyob rau hauv lub Urals, lub ancient hais sib haum nyob qhov twg melted hlau thiab ua rau nws ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ntau tshaj li 6,000 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X muaj loj cob qhia, tsim txoj khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII, peb pog koob yawg koob mastered txoj siav thiab milling machine. Txawm li cas los, cov thawj tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub XVI caug xyoo. Lawv nrog cov riam phom cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab tso rau hauv Tula. Qhuav tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub zos hlau ore, tab sis nws yog txaus me me, fragmented thiab uas tsis yog-mauj.

Ib tug revolutionary kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Peter kuv, leej twg yog ib tug active expansionist txoj cai. Nws pab tub rog yuav tsum tau ntau niaj hnub riam phom, mos txwv thiab cov khoom siv. Nrog rau cov discovery ntawm loj tso ntawm hlau ore nyob rau hauv lub Urals muaj tau tsim thiab tshuab-tsev Enterprises, mas riam phom.

locomotives kev lag luam

Lub breadth ntawm lub spectrum ntawm manufactured khoom ua rau lub fact tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov loj tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv lub kom chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm tej yam khoom, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tus me muag khoom tagnrho nyob rau hauv monetary cov ntsiab lus uas. Nrog cov coob Lavxias teb sab tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv cov roj kev lag luam, metallurgy thiab petrochemical industries yog piv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug "AvtoVAZ" AHK "Sukhoi", OJSC "gaz" pab pawg neeg "kua txiv" thiab OJSC "KAMAZ".

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov leading muaj xws li mas tsheb tuam txhab uas muag (civil engineering sub-sector nrog lub siab tshaj plaws qhia nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov zis ntawm engineering khoom) thiab lub MIC, thiab tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov loj tshuab-tsev ntau lawm (nrog rau ib qho txhua xyoo turnover ntawm ntau tshaj 5 billion rubles) yog tus me me.

Holdings thiab FPG

Lavxias teb sab mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los embarked rau txoj kev ntawm tsim ntawm tuav tuam txhab uas muag thiab nyiaj txiag-industrial pawg (figs). Thaum zoo li no yog cai raws li ib tug ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab-tsev tuam txhab uas muag thiab Holdings, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los (OMZ, lub hwj chim engineering li, "Tshiab Programs thiab Concepts" thiab lwm tus), thiab tsim los ntawm tshiab pawg tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm capital, khwv tau nyob rau hauv lwm yam industries. Qhov tseem hnov expansion nyob rau hauv engineering steel tuam txhab uas muag, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tsheb haib FPG "RusPromAvto" thiab ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm lub tsheb tuam txhab uas muag "Severstal". Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug los yog ib tug ob peb loj tuam txhab uas muag (pawg) raug tsim nyob rau hauv feem ntau sub-sectors, tuav lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia

Daim ntawv teev cov tuam txhab uas muag nrog rau ntau tshaj 12,000 neeg ua hauj lwm, poob los ntawm qho kev txiav txim (los ntawm 120 mus rau ob peb lub kaum os). Top 10 tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raws li nyob rau hauv uas tau undergone txaus ntshai kev hloov ntau tshaj yav dhau los xyoo caum. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm factories yeej tsis muaj nyiaj, lwm tus tau significantly txo neeg ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, peb muab ib tug sib piv cov lus ntawm engineering giants nyob rau ntawm lawv ncov thiab niaj hnub no.

Ib tug xav paub ntau dua daim ntawv teev cov loj khiav hauj lwm tuam txhab uas muag los ntawm thaj av ntawd yog raws li nram no.

Central Federal District

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, Lavxias teb sab high-tech tiv thaiv kev lag luam yog feeb meej (eg, aircraft thiab foob pob ua ntxaij ntau lawm, huab cua tiv thaiv systems thiab radar phom, wheeled tsheb), qhov chaw kev lag luam, manufactures ib tug ntau yam ntawm diesel xyaw, railway cov khoom, machinery thiab cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaluga cheeb tsam muaj ib pawg ntawm txawv teb chaws manufacturers ntawm autos. Meanwhile, lub domestic pib giants AZLK thiab ZIL poob grandeur.

• EKR enterprise "Almaz-Antey" (tag nrho cov ntawm Group neeg ua hauj lwm 98.000 neeg). Nws muaj xws li cov Moscow Tshuab-Tsev tsob nroj "Avangard" (zus tau tej cov anti-aircraft missiles), Dolgoprudnenskoe NPP (anti-aircraft missiles), NGOs LEMZ (radars), Moscow xov tooj cua Engineering tsob nroj (radios) thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva (43500 neeg, Moscow.) - qhov ua enterprise ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw kev lag luam. Tsim thiab ua cov cab kuj rockets "Proton", "Angara".
• Moscow Tshuab-Tsev tsob nroj "Banner of Labor" thiab cov RAC "Mig" (14,500 tus neeg, Moscow.) - qhov kev tso tawm ntawm fighters "Mig".
• Tsheb factories ntawm txawv teb chaws tuam txhab uas muag, "Renault Russia" ( "Avtoframos", 2300 cov neeg, Moscow.), "PSMA Rus» (PSA Peugeot Citroen thiab Mitsubishi, Kaluga cheeb tsam.), "Volkswagen Group Rus" (Kaluga cheeb tsam.), "Volvo Vostok "(Kaluga cheeb tsam.) thiab lwm tus neeg.
• RSC "Energia" (Korolev) - qhov ua foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
• MIC "NPO Tshuab Tsev" (18,000 tus neeg, Reutov.) - lub foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw technology.
• MZ "ZIO-Podolsk" (4700 pers.) - cov khoom rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab CHP nroj tsuag.
• "Kolomna Hoobkas" (6400 pers.) - locomotives, hluav taws xob locomotives, diesel khoom.
• Bryansk Engineering Works (6800 pers.) - locomotives, wagons.
• "Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Tsheb) - ntau lawm tshuab.

Northwest FD

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab Leningrad cheeb tsam muaj qhov loj tshaj plaws tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia. Local Shipyards nyob ib tug uas txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov tub rog thiab pej xeem cov tsev hais plaub. Cov domestic champions giant loj khw (200 hectares nyob rau hauv lub nroog center) sawv Kirovsky Tsheb Laij Teb tsob nroj, lub ntsiab nyiaj khwv tau los uas yog tus nqi xauj tsev qhov chaw es tsis tso profile ntau lawm. Tom ntej no lub qhov rooj, ib tug loj Hoobkas "Ford" nyob rau hauv Vsevolozhsk ua ,. Lwm tshuab-tsev chaw ntawm lub cheeb tsam yog lub nroog ntawm Severodvinsk, qhov uas lawv tsim submarines.

• "Sevmash" (25,000 tus neeg, Severodvinsk.) - kev tsim kho ntawm submarines.
• Shipyards ntawm St. Petersburg: "Admiralty Shipyards" (cov thawj tuam txhab lub zos ntawm 8,000 tus neeg.) "Baltic tsob nroj" (4000 pers.), "Severnaya Verf" (3500 pers.), "Mid-Nevsky" (ca. 1000 cov neeg ..) .
• khoom rau lub zog ntau lawm: lub Leningrad Hlau Tej hauj lwm (nyob rau hauv 2017 qhab nia lub 160th hnub tseem ceeb, ua turbines), "Electrosila" (generators), "Izhora nroj tsuag" (rau nuclear fais fab khoom, excavators).
• Autoenterprise Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General cov Motors lwm yam, txiv neej, Scania.
• LOMO (St. Petersburg) - kho qhov muag seev.
• Kirov Tsheb Laij Teb tsob nroj (8000 pers.) - zus tau tej cov "Kirovets" tractors, ntau yam khoom.

yav qab teb FD

Lub ntsiab tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab engineering nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog lub zus tau tej cov ua liaj ua teb machinery thiab taws xob. Coob tsheb chaw tsim tshuaj paus thiab TagAz Volgograd Tsheb Laij Teb tsob nroj tshaj tawm hais tias tsis muaj nyiaj.

• Engineering lub tuam txhab "Rostselmash" (10,000 tus neeg, Rostov-on-Don.) - zus tau tej cov muab harvesters "Don" thiab lwm yam ua liaj ua teb cov cuab yeej.
• "Liab boilermaker" (4400 PAX, Taganrog.) - cov loj tshaj plaws Chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm boiler khoom.
• "ATOMMASH" (Volgodonsk) - ib tug uas chaw muag khoom ntawm cov khoom rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab CHP nroj tsuag.
• RAU "Barricades" (3300 PAX, Volgograd.) - ib tug diversified lub tuam txhab (artillery, missile systems rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab cov roj thiab cov nkev kev lag luam).

Volga Federal District

Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam muaj zoo-paub tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia: AvtoVAZ, gaz, "Tyazhmash", KAMAZ, UAZ, "Kalashnikov" thiab lwm tus neeg. Ntau yam khoom yog nws kim heev: los ntawm lub bearings (1/4 ntawm cov domestic kev ua lag luam) mus rau lub cim cov khoom rau lub hwj chim ua lag luam, los ntawm tsheb rau dav hlau.

• AvtoVAZ (52,000 tus neeg, Togliatti.) - lub flagship nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm ua tsheb.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 PAX, Syzran.) - cov khoom rau lub heavy kev lag luam.
• Tsheb factories ntawm pab pawg neeg "GAS": Gorky Tsheb tsob nroj (me me thiab medium-duty cov tsheb thauj khoom, ua tub rog tsheb, neeg caij tsheb), "Pavlovsky Bus" (Paz), Ulyanovsk Cav tsob nroj thiab lwm tus neeg.
• KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) - qhov ua chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm domestic tsheb thauj khoom.
• Izhevsk caj npab Hoobkas: "Kalashnikov" (hu ua "Izhmash", 4500 pers.), "IMZ" (7000 pers.).
• Lub chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam ntawm Bashkortostan: UMPO (21,000 tus neeg, UVA.) - aircraft xyaw, UPPO (Ufa) - Aviapribor, KumAPP (Kumertau) - siv thiab ua thiab kho ntawm helicopters "kos" series.
• Perm cov Motors lwm yam Group (12000 neeg). - missile thiab aircraft xyaw.
• MZ (7000 cov neeg, Perm.) - riam phom.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUVs thiab minivans.
• "Aviastar-SP" (10,000 tus neeg, Ulyanovsk.) - cov loj tshaj plaws aircraft tsev cog (aircraft "TU" qauv, "IB TUG", "IL").

Ural FD

Ural yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj hu ua lub plawv ntawm lub lag luam ntawm Russia. Muaj nplua nuj mineral deposits thiab ib qho tseem ceeb tswv yim qhov chaw ua mus nkag tau rau ntaus tej ncauj lus no cov loj industrial Enterprises, mas muaj feem xyuam rau kev ntawm cov hlau thiab tiv thaiv kev lag luam. Tus haib tshaj engineering chaw zov me nyuam yog Yekaterinburg thiab Nizhniy Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (27,000 tus neeg, Nizhny Tagil.) - ib qho ntawm lub flagships ntawm lub domestic engineering kev lag luam. Nws ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov khoom: los ntawm freight tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam. Thaum lub ceg "Uraltransmash" (Ekaterinburg) tsim nws tus kheej-propelled artillery systems thiab trams.
• "Uralmash" (14,000 tus neeg, Ekaterinburg.) - ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm drilling, tsuas, metallurgical khoom.
• Zeke (Ekaterinburg) - anti-aircraft missile systems, kev pab tsheb.
• Chelyabinsk Tsheb Laij Teb tsob nroj (13,000 tus neeg.) - tractors, kev siv machinery, tshuab.
• Tsheb tsob nroj "Ural" (13,500 tus neeg, Miass.) - cov tsheb thauj khoom.
• "Kurgan" (4800 PAX, Kurgan.) - tub rog tsheb (BMP, tsheb laij).
• Zlatoust Tshuab-Tsev tsob nroj - Rocketry.

Siberian Federal District

Engineering ntau lawm teem rau tus tiv thaiv kev lag luam, aircraft thiab cov khoom siv rau tsuas ua hauj lwm. Muaj ntau yooj yim enterprise nyiaj los yog nyob ze rau nws. Kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm Modernization thiab them nyiaj yug.

• Aerospace tuam txhab uas muag: Napo. VP Chkalov (6000 tus neeg, Novosibirsk.) - zus tau tej cov aircraft ntawm "qhuav"; "Polyot" (4500 PAX, Omsk.) - Aircraft "Ib tug" satellites "GLONASS" system, foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw technology; Ulan-ude Aviation tsob nroj (. 6,000 tus neeg) - ib yam ntawm cov coob manufacturers ntawm aircraft: helicopters "Mi" thiab aircraft "Su"; Irkutsk Aviation tsob nroj - dav hlau "Su", "Yak", "MS", Cheebtsam rau Airbus; "Cov ntaub ntawv Satellite Systems" (8000 PAX, Zheleznogorsk.) - satellites rau ntau lub hom phiaj thiab kev sib txuas lus tshuab.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - ib tug ua chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm hydraulic presses, tshuab cov cuab yeej, twj.
• Radiozavod lawv. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - xov tooj cua engineering thiab kev sib txuas lus tshuab.
• "Altaivagon" (7000 PAX, Novoaltaysk.) - qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub tsheb.
• LVRZ Engineering Enterprise (6000 tus neeg, Ulan-ude.) - qhov qhuav thiab kho ntawm locomotives thiab tsheb ciav hlau.

Far Eastern Federal District

Los ntawm ib tug neeg loj Enterprises:

• KnAAZ lawv. Gagarin (13,500 tus neeg, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.) - qhov ua dav hlua ntawm lub teb chaws. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog (tsev neeg "Su", "Pak FA") thiab pej xeem (Sukhoi Superjet) aircraft, Cheebtsam rau "Boeing".
• Enterprises ntawm shipbuilding thiab nkoj kho: Amur shipyard (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - yav tas los ua nuclear submarines tam sim no cov tub rog thiab pej xeem lub tsev hais plaub; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Seaside Hoobkas (Nakhodka), Nakhodka shipyard.

xaus

Lavxias teb sab engineering yuav sib zog lub sij hawm. Dua li ntawm qhov es haib muaj peev xwm, feem ntau ntawm cov flagships ntawm txo lawm, ntau frankly ciaj sia. Cov kev lag luam yog nyob rau hauv dire yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo, Modernization ntawm machinery thiab cov khoom siv, ib tug tshiab mus kom ze rau kev tswj. Meanwhile, cov kev siv ntawm cov tshiab high-kev ua tau zoo ua lag ua luam, mas me me thiab medium-qhov loj qhov me. Peb tau txais ib tug thib ob cua nroj tsuag rau zus tau tej cov tub rog cov khoom. Qhia zoo txaus siab nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws cov neeg koom tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog automakers. Thaum complex kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub xeev thiab lwm enterprise engineering yuav ua ib tug ntau dua pab mus rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag.