Lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog. Tau muaj roj thiab tshuaj zog

Cov pab pawg neeg tseem ceeb organic tebchaw - lipids - ua ke nrog steroids thiab waxes xws li cov rog. Lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nyob hlwb yog hom twg los ntawm 5 mus rau 10% los ntawm qhuav cell ceeb thawj. Cov tshuaj kawm, raws li nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv molecular qauv, uas ua rau cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog. Science News for KIDS ntawm Organic tebchaw xav txog tej no tshuaj raws li cov khoom ntawm lub esterification tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub trihydric cawv glycerol thiab ntau dua txwv los yog unsaturated carboxylic acids.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav kawm txog tsis tsuas yog lawv siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam thiab tus nqi, tab sis kuj yuav tau nqaijrog thiab tshuaj thaj chaw uas yog raug ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tebchaw.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Tus qauv tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19. Fabkis chemist E. Chevrel rhuab lawv nrog dej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm alkali thiab cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm fatty acids thiab glycerol. M. Berthelot muaj cov lus rov tshuaj tiv thaiv: thaum rhuab nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm glycerol thiab palmitic acids steorinovoy nws tau txais triglycerides - roj. Raws li cov kev thwmsim, nws twb xaus lus tias tus kawm tshuaj mus rau lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm esters. Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog tau paub tseeb hais tias qhov no xaus.

Sibhawm - esters

Raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm thwmsim thiab E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides yog esters ntawm trihydric cawv glycerol thiab ntau dua monocarboxylic acids. Rog uas muaj steorinovuyu los yog palmitic acid yog ib tug khoom, piv txwv li, nqaij nyuj, nqaij npuas, yaj. Qhov no tsiaj. Yog hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm triglycerides muaj xws li unsaturated fatty acids - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - xws kua rog no hu ua cov roj (paj noob hlis, groundnut, linseed).

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov roj yog txawv los ntawm lwm yam esters los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov molecules tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb yam carboxylic acids.

lub zog

Ob yam thiab hluavtaws, xws li margarine, triglycerides muaj ib qho nta. Chief ntawm lawv - hydrophobicity, tsis tshua muaj melting kub thiab tsawg tej ceev. Lawv yaj zoo nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents, e.g., benzene, carbon tetrachloride. Tag nrho cov rog yog yooj yim absorbed los ntawm qhov ntxeem tau los yog fibrous cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tshuaj qauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw M. Butlerov, lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog txog. Pom qhov tseeb yuav tau muab rau hauv qab no.

Tshuaj lom neeg tshua triglycerides

Ntau thiab zoo muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov rog molecules, raws li zoo raws li nws cov spatial configuration qhia qhov tseeb ntawm teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv triglyceride esters. Lawv lub ntsiab tshuaj vaj tse - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej (hydrolysis). Nws nkag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts - alkali, magnesium oxides, zinc los yog poov hlau. Lub kuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom sib tov ntawm carboxylic acids thiab glycerine. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog reversible nrog dej, roj, kev lag luam tsim tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas nws kis tau mus rau thaum xaus - ntawm lub tsim ntawm glycerol thiab ntau dua monocarboxylic acids. Rau lub hom phiaj no, lub reactive sib tov twb tsis tu ncua noj mus rau lub alkali tov thiab cov khoom ncaj qha tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cheeb tsam. Cov kev tiv thaiv kom txhob tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov rov qab tus txheej txheem, ua rau lub tsim ntawm roj. Hydrolysis yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis Science News for KIDS rau cov saum toj no tshuaj.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkali saponification

Peb cuag txoj kev tshawb no organic tshuaj - esters. Nqaijrog thiab tshuaj zog uas yog sawv cev los ntawm lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kuj yuav reacted nrog alkali. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hu ua saponification, thiab nws yog pom zoo rau tus txheej txheem ntawm esterification. Cov uas ua alkaline saponification ntawm fatty acid thiab glycerol twb kho nrog sodium carbonate los yog sodium hydroxide. Cov no ib tug xab npum.

Nws yog khoom, muaj cov mis C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa hu ua nyiaj txiag. Yog hais tias ntxiv thereto colorants, glycerin, kom hniav zoo nkauj fragrances, tau xab npum. Kua xab npum, tsis zoo li cov khoom hom twb tau yog hais tias tus muaj roj nyob rau hauv lub saponification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis tov nrog sodium hydroxide thiab ib tug poov tshuaj hydroxide. Piv txwv li, poov tshuaj palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ noj - kua poov tshuaj soaps. Raw khoom rau lub saponification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pheej yig rog ntawm cov tsiaj los yog zaub keeb kwm.

Kua rog - roj

Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov molecules ntawm unsaturated carboxylic acids muaj ob bonds. Zaub rog yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub raws ntawm qhov endoplasmic reticulum los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes los ntawm glycerol thiab fatty acids. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub Calvin voj voog tshua uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis. Cov roj mob ntxiv nyob rau hauv noob, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv lub vegetative qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug mov ntawm cov as-ham. Physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm cov rog tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, vim muaj cov nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules ob pi bonds. Thaum lub qhov chaw ntawm kev sib tawg tshwm sim tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, rau piv txwv, hydrogen atoms. Qhov no ua rau cov tsim ntawm cov khoom hydrogenated triglycerides.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm zaub cov rog

Raws li hais yav tas los, triglycerides ntawm zaub keeb kwm muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg lub siab unsaturated carboxylic acid. Roj thiaj yuav tiav los ntawm hydrogenation. Qhov no txoj kev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov cua kub thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus - particulate npib tsib xee.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khoom - cov khoom muaj roj (hydrogenated roj). Nws siv nyob rau hauv qhuav steorina, glycerol thiab xab npum txiav txim siab. Yog hais tias salomas ntxiv qab zib, ntsev, mis nyuj thiab zaub mov coloring, ces tau txais kev noj haus roj - margarine. Thaum ntxiv thereto vitamins thiab tej yam ntuj tso butter npaj thiaj li hu ua lub teeb roj - kis.

hluavtaws rog

Lawv yog cov pheej yig dua tshaj ntuj, thiab yog distinguished los ntawm lawv tej yam ntuj tso triglyceride muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom cua roj - yog tej yam ntuj tso thiab txuam roj av roj, raws li zoo raws li cov roj nws tus kheej. Dua paraffins muaj nyob rau hauv cov tej yam ntuj tso minerals, yog oxidized. Cov no ib tug hluavtaws fatty acid. Lawv sis raug zoo nrog ethylene glycol ua ib tug hluavtaws roj. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv daim tawv kev lag luam (rau fatliquoring ntawm pluab tawv thiab hides). Nyob rau hauv lub kom hniav zoo nkauj lag luam khoom cua triglycerides siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua mus tso quav tso soaps, cream, muab tshuaj pleev. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntaub ntawv kev lag luam yog dag rog rau zus tau tej cov coatings, putties, xim.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog tau los ntawm dag txhais tau tias, yog tsis sib txawv ntawm lub ntuj. Lawv kuj tuaj nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib acid thiab raug ib tug alkali (saponification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv).

Raws li triglycerides yog ua nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Vim hais tias metabolic tshua rog hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav tsum tsim los ntawm tshaj carbohydrates. Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb hais tias lub uncontrolled tau ntawm cov khoom noj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej thiab sucrose (hmoov khoom, mov, qos yaj ywm, khoom qab zib), ua rau yus ntau heev ceeb thawj. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev zom khoom uas muaj cov rog hauv cov duodenum cleaved rau glycerol thiab fatty acids. Lawv hydrolysis tshwm sim nyob rau obligatory kev koom tes lipase - pancreatic enzymes thiab cov kua tsib secreted los ntawm lub siab. Raws li xab npum, kua tsib emulsifies rog, piv txwv li lov loj molecules rau hauv zoo mob yooj yim cleavable lipase.

Lub villi hauv cov hnyuv yog tsim muaj roj molecules hais rau tib neeg lub cev, thiab ces lawv yog absorbed rau hauv lub qog. Cov qog cov hlab ntsha rog nkag mus rau ntawm tes, thiab lawv tshaj yog tso nyob rau hauv lub subcutaneous rog los yog roj foob.

Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm lipids

Los ntawm kev kawm tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov rog, ua kom pom tseeb nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm mus paim loj nyiaj ntawm lub zog, ib tug gram roj muab 37.8 kJ ntawm lub zog los ntawm lub teb oxidation. Yog li ntawd triglycerides - nws generic lwm. Yog li, cov rog - yog tseem ceeb khoom noj khoom haus. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nrog tsis yog thiab ntev cia triglycerides "hnub nyoog" thiab rancid, kis tau ib tug unpleasant tsw. Qhov no tshwm sim vim hu nrog cov roj los ntawm atmospheric oxygen. Pib mus qaub roj yog ib qho yooj yim los mus txiav txim yog tias koj ntxiv mus rau nws poov tshuaj iodide. Peroxides muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom, qhov no compound yog oxidized dawb iodine, uas ua rau ib cov kob xiav xim raws li qhov kev sib cuag nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej-muaj tshuaj.

Sibhawm yog qhov tseem ceeb heev lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog ib feem ntawm cellular week thiab organelles. Great yog lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thermoregulation kab mob. Piv txwv li, cov tsiaj uas nyob rau hauv loj depths qhov twg cov dej kub yog heev tsawg, muaj ib tug zoo tsim subcutaneous txheej ntawm roj, e.g., whales nws yuav ncav cuag ib tug tuab ntawm 1.5 m. Tsiaj txhu steppe, suab puam thiab semi-suab puam kuj noog nyob rau hauv nws lub cev ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm cov roj. Nws yog tsim nyog rau lawv raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm endogenous dej, raws li nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm rog nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus zog, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov kua. Tej tsiaj xws li cov ntxhuav, jerboa, shrews.

Lipids ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv lub hauv nruab nrog cev. Tus txiv neej yog zoo-tsim roj foob mus tiv thaiv lub plab, digestive caj pas ntawm sab hauv kev raug mob. Tej siab ntsws tseem ceeb li ob lub raum, yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm roj. Nrog ib tug ntse poob nyob rau hauv ib tug tib neeg lub raum omission yuav tshwm sim vim thinning ntawm txheej, uas yog ib tug loj pathology, cuam tshuam lub excretory system.

High tus nqi ntawm lipids nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cell week. Nrog rau carbohydrates thiab proteins, lawv tsim ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg muaj ib tug mosaic qauv. Tebchaw ntawm cov nqaijrog rau cov nqaijrog hu ua lipoproteins. Lawv ua cov xim permeability ntawm cell week.

Qhov tsab xov xwm soj ntsuam cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov rog, raws li zoo raws li lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.