Lub Congress of Vienna: lub division ntawm cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem hnub ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj 1814 Allied troops kov nkag mus hauv Paris. Qhov no yog tag nrho yeej ntawm Napoleonic Fabkis thiab qhov kawg tshem tawm ntawm xyoo ntawm European kev tsov kev rog. Napoleon nws tus kheej sai abdicated thiab exiled Elba, thiab winning phoojywg mus rau lub negotiating rooj rau remake hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Ua li no, lub Congress of Vienna tau convened, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv Austria nyob rau hauv 1814-1815, ntsig txog. Nws twb tau mus kawm los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm Russia, England, Austria, Prussia, Fabkis thiab Portugal.

Lub ntsiab teeb meem nyob yog: redistribution ntawm cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus yeej xwb lub teb chaws, es ua kom cov monarchy nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe thiab tiv thaiv tej tau rov qab rau lub hwj chim ntawm Napoleon.

Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nws twb rov qab los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Bourbon dynasty, thiab coj lub zwm txwv ntawm Lyudovik XVIII, tom ntej no txais mus rau lub tua Louis XVI. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub winners yuav restore lub qub thiaj - lub feudal nom tswv cajceg thiab cov absolutist. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tom qab tag nrho cov nom tswv tau ntawm cov Fabkis kiv puag ncig, lub hom phiaj no yog utopian, tab sis li ntawd xwb, tau ntau xyoo, cov teb chaws Europe tau muab ntaus rau hauv conservatism thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsoom fwv.

Cov ntsiab teeb meem yog cov redistribution ntawm av, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland thiab Saxony. Lavxias teb sab huab tais Alexander kuv xav mus koom nrog cov Polish pawg neeg thaj av mus rau lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia, Saxony thiab muab lub hwj chim ntawm Prussia. Tab sis tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Austria, Great teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab Fabkis xav tiv thaiv xws li ib tug kev txiav txim siab. Lawv txawm kos npe rau ib daim card daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv kev koom tes tiv thaiv lub hwv ambitions ntawm Prussia thiab Russia, yog li tus thawj theem ntawm xws li ib tug re-division tsis tau coj qhov chaw.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub Congress of Vienna pom tias lub ntsiab superiority ntawm rog muaj cai nyob rau hauv Russia, Prussia, England thiab Austria. Haggling thiab sib cav sib ceg ntawm lawv tus kheej, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov teb chaws nqa tawm loj re-division ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1815, Napoleon dim los ntawm Elba, nws tsaws nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab launched ib tug tshiab cov tub rog phiaj los nqis tes. Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los, nws pab tub rog twb tag yeej ntawm Waterloo thiab cov Congress of Vienna nyob rau hauv 1815 pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm ib ceev npaum li cas. Tam sim no, cov neeg koom sim sai li sai tau coj kawg txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv territorial qauv ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Thaum pib ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj 1815 nws tau kos npe los ntawm cov kev ua los ntawm kev Congress, raws li uas Fabkis tau deprived ntawm tag nrho cov pawg neeg thaj av kov yeej lawm. Zog ntawm Guj kuj absorbed lub Duchy ntawm Warsaw, uas yog tam sim no hu ua lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland. Rhineland, Poznan, Westphalia thiab Saxony lub feem ntau yog ib feem kis rau Prussia. Austria koom nws lub teb chaws Lombardy, Galicia thiab Venice, thiab nyob rau hauv lub union ntawm lub North German principalities (German Confederation) , lub teb chaws no tau ntau tshaj influential. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub Prussian lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv ltalis, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Sardinia txum tim rov qab los accede mus rau lub Savoy thiab Zoo, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm pom cov cai ntawm lub tsev ntawm Savoy. Tuscany, Modena thiab Parma tuaj nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Austrian Habsburgs. Rome dua tuaj nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub pope, uas xa rov qab tag nrho cov qub kev cai lij choj. Nyob rau hauv Naples, zaum rau lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Bourbons. Tsim Kingdom ntawm lub Netherlands los ntawm lub Netherlands thiab Belgium.

Me German xeev uas tau abolished lub Napoleon, feem ntau ntawm lawv tsis tau zoo tu qab tso. Lawv tag nrho cov tau poob los ntawm yuav luag kaum lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, lub fragmentation ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yog tam sim no 38 lub xeev, tseem nyob li qub.

Yuav kom hais mus colonial av hais tias nws coj mus nyob hauv Spain, Fabkis thiab Holland. Cov kob ntawm Malta , thiab Ceylon, dhaus Cape ntawm Good Hope, Nkws yas teb, Ionian Islands yog tam sim no finalizing ib tug British lub nceeg vaj.

Kev sib koom tes ntawm lub kaum cuaj Swiss cantons twb tsim uas hais tias "perpetual neutrality". Norway dhau mus rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Sweden, deriving nws los ntawm lub Danish.

Tab sis txhua yam tsis muaj kev zam European lub teb chaws twb ntshai ib tug ntau strengthening ntawm Russia, vim hais tias nws yog lub teb chaws koom lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus khiav dua Napoleon tus pab tub rog.

Lub Vienna sablaj yog tam sim no ua kom tiav, tab sis lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1815, Alexander kuv txiav txim siab los sau cov tshiab European kev txiav txim thiab paub meej tias qhov leading luag hauj lwm ntawm Russia thiab hais. Rau nws teg num, ib tug ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Alliance, uas muaj Austria, Prussia thiab lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Raws li qhov kev pom zoo, tsoom fwv tau cog lus tseg rau pab txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kiv puag ncig los yog nrov uprisings.

Lub Congress of Vienna thiab nws cov kev txiav txim siab muaj ib tug decisive tej yam nyob rau tag nrho European system. Tsuas yog tom qab 1917, thaum lub thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog, lub European cheeb tsam yuav tsum tau redrawn dua.