Lub dav hlau "Phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): hauj lwm, specifications, cov duab

Muaj ntau nqe ntaus rog aircraft raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev siv los yog tsis nco qab lawm rau lawv tsis zoo, los yog ua ib tug yeej muaj tseeb lus dab neeg, hais txog tej uas twb tsis paub cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub aircraft. Cov yav tas yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi raws li no, piv txwv, peb IL-2, thiab ntau npaum li cas tom qab American dav hlau "Phantom".

Tej zaum cov feem ntau nto moo ntawm tag nrho cov American tsheb ntawm 1960-1980 machines, nrog nws lub npe rau ntau xyoo tau ua synonymous rau tag nrho cov US Cua Dag Zog Yuam fighters. Nws highlight yog lub multi-functionality, uas rau peb aircraft designers tau tiav ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub dav hlau "Phantom" - tsis muaj tsawg tiag tiag li lub cim ntawm tus mob khaub thuas ua tsov ua rog, dua li, piv txwv li, B-52 bombers.

Ib tug feature tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog hais tias yuav tsum deployed rau tshuam medium-ntau cuaj luaj nyob rau hauv lub foob pob bays ntawm lub tshuab. Interestingly, lub domestic analogues, tom qab riam phom siv rau lub ntawm lub Mig-23, lawv yog xav reminiscent ntawm tus tsim thiab kev kawm ntawv tus yam ntxwv. Suav ntawm tag nrho cov "ib tug blueprint" tsim nws dav hlau JH-7. Cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov - tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv tsos, tiam sis kuj nyob rau hauv zoo zoo tib yam xyaw thiab txawm radar. Tsis ceeb, tus "Phantom" - dav hlau, uas cov duab tseem pom nyob rau hauv ntau cov phau ntawv Magazine rau hauv kev kawm ntawm riam phom.

Pib ntawm kev loj hlob

Initial ua hauj lwm pib nyob rau hauv 1953, thaum lub US Cua Dag Zog Yuam urgently mus kawm rau lub slightest tsis muaj uas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm supersonic cov cab kuj raws li fighter. Tus thawj yog ib tug khov "McDonnell", tab sis lub project tsis siab raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov tub rog. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tsab fighter-bomber AH-1 tau tom qab ua tau.

Txawm li cas los, cov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm "thawj-Mover" yog vim tsis mus rau ib tug ua tsis tau tejyam tswvyim, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug tag kho nyob rau hauv 1955, cov nqe lus ntawm siv rau ib tug tshiab aircraft: lub fact tias cov tus thawj coj rau tub rog ntawm hiav txwv nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm qhia lub siab xav kom muaj nyob rau aircraft muaj ntshiab cab kuj raws fighter-interceptor muaj peev xwm ntawm xeeb M = 2, thiaj tau tuaj armed cuaj luaj.

Los ntawm txoj kev, uas tau lub dav hlau "Phantom"? Peb twb hais, "McDonnell". Nrog kev, nws engineers twb tau los ua ib tug tshuab uas muaj raws li tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov neeg muas zaub. Cov yav tas tuaj ua zoo li ntawd, uas tseem sawv nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Tus thawj prototypes

Twb tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub caij ntuj sov ntawm lub tib lub xyoo thawj tsab, xaiv-F4H 1F, nws ya mus nyob rau hauv peb xyoo twb tsim. Kuv tabtom zaum ntawm lub lwm yam ntawm ib tug kuaj tsav Robert C. me ntsis. Lub aircraft siv xyaw J79-3A (2h6715 kgs) no, tab sis tom qab thawj davhlau ntawm tsib caug, nws twb txiav txim siab los hloov lawv mus rau-J79 GE-2. Tom qab ib tug me ntsis sij hawm ntau, lub caij nyoog kawg no kuj tau muab txoj kev mus rau ib tug qauv J79-GE-2A (2h7325 kgf). Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug dav hlau "Phantom" ntawm lub thib ob qauv.

Nyob rau hauv 1960, nws tau ua ib qho tsis ceev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2583 km / h. Tab sis ntawm no Americans mus rau ib tug me me kev ua kom yuam kev: ib tug compressor chamber yog txhaj cov nyob hauv siab ib sib tov ntawm dej thiab ethanol, uas tso cai rau nraaj txias turbine tuaj thiab tiv thaiv lawv thermal kev puas tsuaj. Qhov no hloov tau xaiv F-4A, twb tso tawm cia li 23 aircraft ntawm cov qauv no.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv siv heev dua lwm yam rau hauv lub davhlau xeem, lub tebchaws United States tau txais los ntawm cov cua Force. Feem ntau, "Phantom" - lub dav hlau (nws yees duab yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm), nyob rau hauv uas cov dab neeg twb tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li ib lub teb versions. Muab hais tias armed nrog lub US Nws yog ib tug raug luv luv lub sij hawm, nws yuav suav hais tias ib cov ntaub ntawv! Yog hais tias koj tsis paub dab tsi nws zoo li "Phantom" (lub dav hlau), nws yuav tsum tau kom los siav lawv xav paub, tom qab nyeem ntawv no tsab xov xwm!

Pib ntawm ntau lawm, kev hloov kho

Zus tau tej cov cov cav tov twb pib nyob rau hauv Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1960. Los ntawm 1967 th ntawm lub US Cua Dag Zog Yuam nyob txog 637 aircraft ntawm cov qauv no. Tom qab, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj tau raug tsim txawj ntse. Nws twb tom qab ua tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li 500 "huv" "Phantoms", ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov laus aircraft (tsuas yog kev sim cooling) twb hloov nyob rau hauv lub tshiab versions.

Interestingly, qhov kev txiav txim los txais yuav lub "Phantom" saws raws li ib tug multi-lub luag hauj lwm fighter tau ua xwb nyob rau hauv 1962. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, qhov no deliberation muaj feem xyuam nrog sau thaum sib tham txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej lub tsheb. Ib txhia designers muaj tam sim ntawd ua rau nws nrog lub makings ntawm ib tug analog av nres fighter, thaum lwm tus neeg hais rau cov kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim ib tug dawb huv dav hlau tua rog technology, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog lub feem ntau demanded los ntawm lub US Cua Dag Zog Yuam.

Kev cov khoom thiab riam phom

Aerodynamic tsim - ib txwm, ib tug tsis tshua muaj-tis, Trapezoidal, cov yam ntxwv yog cov xub ntiag ntawm folding consoles. Empennage swept ua li cas rau maximize cov kuj rau saum huab cua khiav thiab ua rau kom lub maneuverability ntawm lub aircraft.

Tsis zoo li cov ntsiab fighter ntawm lub xyoo, lub dav hlau "Phantom" muaj ib tug heev tsim mechanization, ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev hloov kho tau aboard lub ce system. Yog li ntawd lub dav hlau yuav tsaws saum lub lawj ntawm ib tug aircraft carrier, siv nres nuv. Nws muaj peev xwm withstand tsaws machines uas mus txog 17 tons. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, hais tias xws li landings yog muaj tsuas mus rau feem ntau tej pilots, zoo meej lawm nws lub dav hlau.

Tus tsim ntawm lub tshuab qauv, lub radar twb siv IB /-APQ 120, nrog rau cov aim teb complex IB /-ASQ 26, IB TUG /-AJB 7 system yog lub luag hauj lwm rau navigation thiab yog aircraft rau taw-tes rau bombing. Mus pib dua tej tawg hem phantom dav hlau F-4 siv cov khoom cim IB / ASQ-9L. Radar tawg kuaj tau los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab radar tau txais IB / APR-36/37 apparatus, rau tebchaws Reb-teb complex cuam IB / ALQ-71/72/87.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm davhlau-F-4th navigation system muaj xws li INS IB / Nug-63, resolver IB / Nug 46-thiab mloog xov tooj cua altimeter altimeters IB / APN-155. Rau kev sib txuas lus, navigation thiab kev qhia kom paub system muaj ib tug complex IB / ASQ-19 muaj ib tug transceiver TACAN.

Riam phom. Thaum cuaj ntshav sab nraud ncua kev kawm ntawv phantom dav hlau F-4 tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug ntau yam riam phom, xws li plaub SD medium-ntau yam AIM-7 "Sparrow." Muaj tau ib tug riam phom nyob rau hauv lub niches ntawm lub fuselage, lub aircraft kuj siv tau cov M61A1 qauv aircraft phom (mos txwv nyob rau hauv 1200 rounds ib rab phom). Nyob rau board muaj blocks nrog HAP standard tej tawg hem, tshuaj tsuag tso tsheb hlau luam plav pab kiag li lawm (VAP) nyob rau tis ncua.

Lub dav hlau "Phantom" (cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug yees duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog tau nqa on board ob nuclear bombs qauv: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 los yog Mk.28. Tag nrho cov luj ntawm tau riam phom yog hais txog xya tonnes, tab sis, nrog xws li ib tug loading tshuab nqa tau tawm tsuas yog yog hais tias tus roj tso tsheb hlau luam tsis tau siab Iwj. Qhov no yog - ib qhov tseem ceeb shortcomings ntawm tus qauv no, uas yog feem ntau kom meej meej manifested hauv teb chaws Nyab Laj nyob qhov twg tus neeg Mis Kas tau ntsib nrog Soviet MiGs. Peb aircraft towing kev kawm nyob rau hauv relation mus nyhav thiab caj npab twb ho muaj dua.

Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm

Tso "Phantom" kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm lub US cov tub rog mus txog 1976 (ib tug tag nrho ntawm txog 4,000 aircraft tau xa, thiab 1,300 mus rau lub Navy xav tau kev pab). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, rau txog ib thiab ib nrab txhiab lub tsheb tauj rau export. Tiam sis ntawm no nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib co ntawm cov exported tsheb twb pauv ncaj qha los ntawm lub Navy / Cua Dag Zog Yuam.

Nws tsis yog li ntawd lub dav hlau F4 "Phantom" kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv lub sector ntawm lub dav hlau fighters ntawm lub sij hawm uas, raws li tsuas muaj kev tswj kom tsim ntau tshaj tsib txhiab daim. Thaum kawg, txij thaum xyoo 1971 los txog xyoo 1980 nyob rau Nyiajpoom Teb ua 138 aircraft, yog ib tug muaj ntawv tso cai daim ntawv ntawm lub American "Phantom", raws ntawm qhov yooj yim version ib co kev hloov nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm riam phom thiab avionics.

kev yam ntxwv

Tag nrho cov wingspan yog 11,7 meters, qhov ntev ntawm lub fuselage - 19,2 m, qhov siab ntawm lub cev yog 5 meters, lub tis cheeb tsam ntawm 49,2 square meters. Maximum nqa-off hnyav mus txoj los ntawm 25 mus rau 26 tons. Dawb paug dav hlau F 4 "Phantom" (tsis muaj roj thiab tshem tawm tej caj npab) tiv kev txom nyem 13.760 kg nyob rau hauv lub internal roj tso tsheb hlau luam roj tsis muaj tsev nyob rau tons, plaub tons yuav poured mus rau hauv lub ncua kev kawm ntawv tso tsheb hlau luam.

Cov Motors lwm yam thiab ya davhlau yam ntxwv

Raws li cov fais fab nroj tsuag Turbojet siv ob GE. Qauv kuj ob:-J79 GE-8 (nrog rau ib tug tshaj plaws 7780 thrust kgf)-J79 GE-17 (siab tshaj plaws traction yam ntxwv uas yog 8120 kgf).

Thaum lub sij hawm, lub dav hlau "Phantom", cov kev yam ntxwv uas muaj nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, los ua ib tug dab neeg lub US Cua Dag Zog Yuam rau lub heev yog vim li cas hais tias nws cov davhlau yam ntxwv tau zoo heev. Aircraft yuav tau ceev rau 2300 km / h, qhov ntau tshaj achievable xyaum lifting qhov siab yog 16 mus rau 600 meters, acceleration acceleration - 220 m / s, lub davhlau kab kev los ntawm 2380 km.

Qhov ntev ntawm lub tso mam li pawv ua ntej nqa mus-off yog 1340 meters, nrog ib tug braking kaus poob los rau hauv lub tsheb yog kiag li nres 950 meters. Nyob rau aircraft muaj, uas siv ib tug nuv, ib tug American dav hlau "Phantom" nyob rau txog 30-40 meters. Maximum ceev overload tiav thaum lub sij hawm cov tswv yim ua lag luam, yog 6,0G.

Qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev sib ntaus los siv

Americans yog heev fond ntawm lub dav hlau "Phantom" (tus yam ntxwv uas peb twb tau piav), raws li cov unit ntawm cov qauv no rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tseem nyob txoj kev uas huab cua superiority Cua Dag Zog Yuam thiab Navy. Tus thawj lub npe hu tauj siv ntawm qhov rov coj qhov chaw nyob rau hnub tim 2, xyoo 1965, thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Nyab Laj. Muaj dav hlau ntawm cov qauv no yuav raug tej kev Mig-17F, uas raug muab los rau North Vietnam nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws.

Txij li thaum 1966, nyob rau hauv tsis sib xws los lub sijhawm uas nws tau muab kev koom tes rau hauv lub Mig-21F, kuj muab lub USSR. Cua Dag Zog Yuam thiab lub US Navy assumed tias "Phantom" yuav sai sai yeej cua superiority, txij thaum lawv sab heev haib on-board riam phom, high-quality radar, raws li zoo raws li zoo acceleration thiab cruise tshaj tawm. Tag nrho cov yam muab kev casab rua zoo tau dogfighting.

Zoo thiab tsis zoo

Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws muab tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tsoo nrog ib tug maneuverability yam ntxwv ntawm American cov dav hlau twb tsis nrov heev. Lawv muaj ib tug tsawg dua tus nqi nyob rau tis lees paub rau ib tug loj ua hauj lwm load, nws lub luag hauj lwm raws li tau muab hloov los overload txwv (6.0 tiv thaiv 8.0 nyob rau hauv Mig). Nws twb tseem pom tias American tsheb me me tig lub me ntsis qis tswv yim tuav. Ntsawj mus-ceeb thawj riam phom los ntawm Soviet aircraft yog tseem zoo dua.

Qhov zoo xws li sai acceleration (txawv nrog rau lub Mig - txog xya vib nas this rau tus Americans), lub tshuab yuav tau altitude sai sai, peb pilots no mas soj ntsuam cov visibility ntawm lub cockpit trophy "Phantoms" thiab cov muaj ib tug thib ob tug neeg coob. Xeem offloads feem ntau ntawm cov tsav, raws li lossi saib xyuas thaj tsam ntawm lub rear hemisphere thiab yuav ceeb toom cov commander ntawm cov kev hem thawj tau arisen muaj.

Lwm yam chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus los siv

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias ntau npaum neeg coob ntawm cov teb chaws Nyab Laj ua tsov ua rog los ua ib tug tsav dav hlau thiab navigator S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, thaum tus tsov rog account tias, raws li tus neeg Mis Kas lawv tus kheej, muaj tsib Nyab laj MiGs. Txij thaum lig 60-ies ntawm cov qauv aircraft pib massively pauv mus rau Israeli cov phoojywg uas America. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub Israeli Cua Dag Zog Yuam machines tau pov thawj lawv tus kheej zoo heev.

Tab sis txawm muaj, nyob rau hauv collisions nrog Iyiv Mig-21, uas nyob ntawm lub helm ntawm lub Soviet pilots, nrhiav tau tag nrho cov tib drawbacks. Qhov teeb meem yog zoo li ntawd hais tias cov Israelis tau tsim rau hauv nws lub teb chaws qhov kev tso tawm ntawm Fabkis fighters "ua zaim muag", thiab qhov no lawv tsis txawm disdained mus nyiag ib feem ntawm cov kev cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, "Phantoms" tau refocused nyob rau cov ua phem txoj kev sib tw uas aircraft ntawm cov qauv no mus rau tiv tsis muaj kev tsis txaus siab.

Txawm li cas los, cov pilots tus kheej twb tsis yog los ntawm no zoo siab heev vim "Phantoms" yog siv raws li quab yuam tsheb, nqa ib tug hnov li poob (mus txog rau 70% ntawm cov fleet ntawm lub tsheb). Ib zaug ntxiv, nws yog vim rau qhov cov fact yog tsis siab kev zoo ntawm cov neeg Iyiv pilots thiab cov zoo cov txuj ci ntawm cov Soviet hais sib haum ntawm Soviet SAMs tib.

Tom qab ntawd dav hlau tau siv thaum lub sij hawm cov teeb meem ntawm Iran thiab Iraq (1980-1988 xyoo), tab sis tsawg kawg ib co ntsiab lus ntawm lawv kev sib ntaus los siv nyob rau hauv cov xyoo tseem nyob twj ywm tsis paub hais tias. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub sij hawm thawj Dogfight ntawm cov dav hlau thiab helicopters, thaum lub Mi-24 yog tau mus khob tawm Iraqi cua quab yuam rov nws "Phantom" cuaj luaj "huab cua-rau-huab cua."

Nws kuj paub tias nyob rau hauv 2012 lub Cua Force Syria xuas phom tua cia ib tug "Phantom" Qaib ntxhw, uas rau tom kawg siv tau raws li ib tug scout.

Ib txhia kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm cov khoom thiab riam phom ntseeg tias lub dav hlau "Phantom" - US-bomber fighter "peb" cim, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws creation tiag ua ntej smogshy ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Ib txhia ntawm cov mus nkag tau xws li ib lub tswv yim yog, vim hais tias cov qauv muaj tau heev vam meej, thiab ib co ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv nyob twj ywm tuaj rau hnub no.

Niaj hnub no qhov no hom ntawm aircraft nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv cov cua Force Tim lyiv teb chaws (txog li ob lub kaum os tsheb) no, lub Greeks, muaj txog tsib caug modernized "Phantoms", piv txwv li lawv kuj nyob rau hauv Iran, tab sis lub Iranian aircraft rov qab mus rau lub 60 th xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm seem serviceable machines tsis paub hais tias. Nws yuav siv tib hom dav hlau qaib ntxhw, nyob qhov twg caj npab muaj tsawg kawg ib puas thiab tsib caug modernized "Phantoms", Sab qab teb Kauslim (txog tsib caug), Nyiv (ib puas aircraft). Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Japanese siv kuaj ntawm nws tus kheej siv, ntawm uas peb twb hais saum toj no.

niaj hnub xaav

Niaj hnub no tus seem USAF machines massively refurbished nyob rau hauv mob loj heev poob siab drones, raws li zoo raws li xov tooj cua-tshuaj phiaj tsim rau txoj kev kawm huab cua quab yuam thiab cua kev tiv thaiv crews suav. Americans sau hais tias lub xeem "tib neeg" sib ntaus rov "Phantom" coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-Plaub Hlis Ntuj 2013 (xa mus rau ib tug sib ntaus tshaj lub US chaw uas zoo heev). Ua ntej lub "kawg ntawm lub Mohicans" twb yog ib tug tshuab nrog tus Tsov tus tw xov tooj 68-0599, ua nws ya davhlau rau lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub Mojave Suab puam Lub ib hlis ntuj 18, 1989, thiab tsis txhob ya lawm.

Tab sis tam sim no lub US kws muaj txuj ci Department kwv yees tias tsis ntev tag nrho cov "Phantoms", los ntawm tam sim no nyob rau hauv cia yuav raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txuag cov loj thiab yuav yaj. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias, raws li ntawm niaj hnub no, nrog cia tau raug tshem tawm tsawg kawg 316 tsheb ntawm no hom.

Yuav ua li cas yuav lawv ua li cas rau cov "Phantom"?

American li Bae Systems yog koom nyob rau hauv overhaul ntawm aircraft thiab lawv tom ntej hloov nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj cua-tshuaj phiaj QF-4C. Nws yog lub npe hu tias nws thiaj li tag nrho cov tsheb yuav raug muab cob rau tus 82nd Squadron cais xov tooj cua-tshuaj lub hom phaj (Huab cua lub hom phaj Squadron - ATRS). Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv Florida.

Tshwm nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsej muag "robotic" aircraft yuav ua tau yooj yim distinguished los ntawm lub niaj zaus, txij li thaum qhov xaus ntawm lub tis thiab keel yog pleev xim rau nyob kaj lug xim liab (koj yuav saib tau nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab ntawm lub dav hlau "Phantom" ntawm no hom ntawm tsab xov xwm). Nws yog twb paub txog ib tug ob peb puas kom thiab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho units. Tseem ceeb xws hloov dua siab tshiab yog li ntawd, lub cav yuav siv tau raws li kev sib ntaus los.

Yuav kom qhia tau tias cov kev sib ntaus los peevxwm ntawm qhov hloov dua siab tshiab "Phantoms" nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 2008 nyob rau hauv board ib tug ntawm cov qauv qhia community launch yog thawj zaug ua rockets "huab cua-av". Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntseeg UAV aircraft yuav zoo siv rau suppress cov yeeb ncuab huab cua tiv thaiv txhais tau tias. Txawm tias cov efficiency ntawm lub tshuab nws tus kheej, tsis tau pilots nyob rau ntawm lawv Churning yuav tsis tshwm sim, uas yuav txuag lub neej ntawm kev kawm pilots.

Feem ntau cov yuav, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom ntej, qhov tseeb "Phantom" mus rau "tib neeg tsav" yuav thaum kawg rho los ntawm kev pab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws nyob qhov twg xws machines tseem nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab. Thiab ces saib cov legendary tshuab yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws los yog thaum mus xyuas private aircraft sau. Thaum kawg, daim duab dav hlau "Phantom" koj yuav yeej ib txwm yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm daim ntawv no.

Peb pilots muaj lub sij hawm mus ntsuam xyuas cov trophy "Phantoms." Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus Soviet tus kws txawj hais lus heev ntawm no tshuab nyob rau hauv ob peb indicators, As, tshwj xeeb yog sau cia rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho ntawm workmanship, zoo heev electronics, tau yooj yim ntawm tsaws thiab cov lag luam ntawm tus tsav. Tsis tas li ntawd, "foolproof" twb zoo-tsim nyob rau hauv lub aircraft ntawm cov qauv no. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub tsaws hom, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tso foob pob ua ntxaij los yog yuam siv riam phom uas txawv. Alas, zoo li zaum kuj tshwm sim nrog peb Mig pilots, leej twg, ua tus Cawmseej, yuav tsuas yog tsis mus nias ...