Lub hom tog systems. Tog system - yog ...

Tog system - ib tug txheej ntawm tej tog thiab cov kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Txhua tsim lub teb chaws yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv tsoom fwv, uas yog tsim los pab rau centuries. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm tog systems. Uas lawv yog raug rau niaj hnub Russia, thiab yog vim li cas nws yog li ntawd dabneeg - cov lus nug uas soj ntsuam ntawm yog tseem tab tom nrhiav rau cov lus teb.

Ob tog thiab tog nruab

Tshiab nom tswv tog zoo nkaus li los siav qhov kev txaus siab ntawm ntau yam kev strata. Lawv tus xov tooj yog ib tug rog xav txog ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm nyiaj txiag thiab ideological heterogeneity ntawm kev txaus siab. Qhov ntau dua qhov degree ntawm heterogeneity, yog li ntawd, thiaj li, ntau ob tog nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv system. Txhua yam ntawm lawv raws li qhov kev txaus siab ntawm ib tug tej ya ntawm cov pejxeem. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm ob tog nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv system, qhov xwm ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo, raws li tau zoo raws li lawv cov hom tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb configuration rau txhua lub xeev, uas yog ib tug siv tau tog system. Txhua yus muaj los ntawm nws tus kheej muaj hwj huam.

Lub hom tog systems yuav ua tau:

• ib-tog;
• bipartisan;
• multiparty.

ib-tog system

Lub ntsiab kos npe rau ntawm haum monopoly ntawm ib tog nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Lub neej ntawm ib tug ib-tog system yog tau nyob rau hauv ib tug totalitarian los yog authoritarian tsoom fwv.

Tej systems no feem ntau yog muab faib ntxiv mus rau hauv ob hom. Tus thawj - ua tau ib tug-tog system, uas yog lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev yog tiag tiag muaj nqis ib zaug xwb tog, uas tswj tag nrho cov kev ua ub no. Qhov thib ob hom - ib tug formal multi-party system. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, txawm cov hav zoov ntawm ob peb tog, tag nrho cov hwj chim mus rau tsuas yog ib qho, nws yog hu ua ib tug hegemon.

Tog system nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe mus rau qhov no hom kom txog rau thaum 1990. Tam sim no, nws yog raug rau Tuam Tshoj, li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev txiav txim Communist tog, kev khiav hauj lwm yim rau lwm tus neeg.

bipartisanship

Lub ntsiab mob - ib qhov kev sib tw ntawm ob loj nom tswv ob tog, lawv ua lwm txoj cai. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system tus so yog tsis muaj teeb meem loj nom tswv ceeb thawj. Qhov no txhais tau tias yuav luag tag nrho cov parliamentary rooj tau txais lub deputies ntawm ob tog, uas yog muaj ntau ntawm qhov nrov pov ntawv tawm suab. Lub ob-tog system tsis tsim ib tug coalition, vim hais tias txhua tog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog zoo li no. Lub ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev yog hais lus Askiv lub teb chaws - lub tebchaws United States thiab lub tebchaws United Kingdom.

2,5-tog system

Qhov no hom tsis officially paub, vim hais tias nws yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj, tiam sis los ntawm ib tug theoretical pom, nws yog ib nqi nco ntsoov txog nws. Nws yog ib yam dab tsi ntawm ib tug ntoo khaub lig ntawm ob tog thiab multi-party system. Manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias tej yam uas ob tug sib tw tog yuav tsis tau txais cov kev tsim nyog naj npawb ntawm cov votes, piv txwv li, ib tug nreg 43%, thiab lwm - 47%. Rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tsoom fwv yog tsim nyog 50% ntxiv rau ib tug pov npav.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov uas ploj lawm feem pua yog npaum li cas los ntawm cov tsis tseem ceeb txaus tog, uas rau lawv yuav muaj peev xwm mus tau tseem ceeb powers.

multiparty system

Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog cov kev sib tw ntawm ob peb ob tog. Nyob rau hauv raws li lawv tus xov tooj ntawm cais tog tshuab ntsis (3-5) thiab huab (6 los yog ntau tshaj) plurality. Tab sis tsis yog ib tug ntawm lawv yog tsis nyob ib leeg nyob rau hauv hwj chim. Ua li no, ob peb ob tog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug coalition. Nws yog tsim nyog rau intraparliamentary ua hauj lwm thiab cov board raws li ib tug tag nrho. Cov tog system ntawm niaj hnub Russia belongs rau no hom.

Ntau hom multi-party system

Nyob rau hauv lub hauj lwm ntawm ob tog pom tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm hom.

1. Ib tug multiparty system tsis muaj cov neeg sab nrauv uas dominates. Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm tsis muaj twg muaj ib tug meej feem coob. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub tsoom fwv, ob peb ob tog sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv alliances thiab coalitions.
2. Lub multi-party system nrog ib tug tseem ceeb tog. Raws li, ib tug neeg sab nrauv (los yog tau union) tau ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv arena.
3. Bloc tog system. Qhov no tsa bipartizm vim lub fact tias cov tog koom nyob rau hauv blocks, uas sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam.

Typology ntawm tog tshuab

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg sab nrauv twb tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lwm - ob nyob rau hauv lub thib peb - peb thiab tshaj. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pejxeem, keeb kwm kev cai thiab kev nom kev tswv kab lis kev cai, lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim los yog hais tias cov neeg sab nrauv system. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb influencing txoj cai ntawm lub xeev.

Tsav nyob rau hauv tus ncej ib haiv neeg tog lossi sib tham tsis fenced tawm los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Lawv coj lub teb chaws kev txiav txim siab muaj ib feem nyob rau zej zog.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm no ob tog, qhov xwm ntawm lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam, tus sis nrog lub xeev los yog lwm yam kev nom kev tswv tsev thiab cov nom tswv system muaj.

Lub hom tog systems yog tsis yog txiav txim purely arithmetical txoj kev, uas yog, ib tug neeg sab nrauv - ib tog, ob-tog - ob multi-party - ib tug ntau. Nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thiab ib co ntawm cov kev mob. Txuj ci tsim nyog nom tswv system muaj peb lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb:

• tus naj npawb ntawm kev ua si;
• hauv lub xub ntiag los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lub hom tog, lub Coalition;
• cov theem ntawm kev sib tw ntawm ob tog.

Tog nom tswv system

Lub hwj chim yog xam qhovkev rau hauv txhua tej hom. State txoj cai yog tsim tau ntau centuries. Tog system - yog tiav tswvyim kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob tog, chav nyob thiab koom haum ua teb, kev sib tshuam ntawm lawv tus kheej, kev koom tes, los yog conversely, cov kev sib tw nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm lub hwj chim.

Rau hnub tim, lub tej lub xeev muaj yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ob tog uas hais tias tau qhov kev txaus siab ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb ntawm cov haiv neeg. Vim hais tias qhov no muaj ntau haiv neeg no tso cai rau leej twg los mus ua kom lawv xaiv nyob rau hauv lub pov chaw nres tsheb.

Ob tog thiab tog nruab raug tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo thiab qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv arena. Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb yog lub hom ntawm ob tog lawv tus kheej. Greatest tej yam muaj tam sim no txoj cai, cov kevcai tswj thiab electoral kev cai. Txhua lub xeev yeej muaj ib tug tej yam tog system. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm ib lub xeev. Lawv txawv tsuas nyob rau hauv lub hom cov tshuab thiab qhov xwm ntawm ob tog.

Muaj ntau ntau yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau tsim ntawm cov nom tswv system ntawm lub xeev. Cov muaj xws li:

• nom tswv kom loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg;
• cov theem ntawm nom tswv pem;
• lub teb chaws qauv;
• kev cai dab qhuas views ntawm haiv neeg;
• kev cai nam;
• keeb kwm kev cai;
• formulation ntawm kev sib raug thiab cov chav kawm ntawv rog.

Niaj hnub nimno tog systems ntawm ib lub xeev - yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm centuries ntawm tsim thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob.

Lub zog los ntawm ob tog

Nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv arena, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus nrhiav ib nrab av, yog li cov pejxeem yuav siv sij hawm ob peb xaiv, cov uas nws yuav tsum tau ua kom koj cov kev xaiv. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no muaj yog ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev koom nyiaj, koom haum ua teb thiab blocks.

Nyob rau qhov yuav tsum tau yam ntawm kev sib raug thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm lub neej niaj hnub tog ua tau tej yam zog.

Cov thawj thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws yuav tsum muaj xws li ib tug neeg sawv cev. Nws nruab nrab yog cov kev txaus siab ntawm tej pab pawg nyob rau hauv zej zog. Nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws, tib tooj ntawm seem ntawm cov pejxeem taw qhia kom paub nom tswv ob tog.

Qhov thib ob muaj nuj nqi koom sotsializatorskaya. Nws essence yog mus koom nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws cov tswv cuab los yog los ntawm UFW ntawm ib tug ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem.

Qhov thib peb soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm tham muaj nuj nqi. Nws lub hom phiaj yog kom muaj muaj zog ties nrog cov neeg xaiv tsa, cov pej xeem thiab lwm yam kev nom kev tswv tsev, qhov kev txiav txim koom haum, cov neeg sib tw. Lub tog lub koom haum yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm pej xeem lub tswv yim, yog li no feature yog qho tseem ceeb heev.

Plaub - ideological. Qhov no muaj xws li cov qib. PR, advertising, phiaj los nqis tes, tsim ib winning nom tswv platform.

Thiab lub thib tsib muaj nuj nqi - muaj quas thiab kev nom kev tswv. Ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv yog cov kev xaiv ntawm cov neeg, cov qib ntawm cadres nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv tsa, muab lawv nrog tsim nyog cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua si thiab tom ntej kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim.

Qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv Russia

Cov tog system ntawm niaj hnub Russia pib nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig thib kaum cuaj caug xyoo. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub arena, ib tug tswv tsev tshiab alliances, tab sis muaj cov neeg uas tau tsim thiab tsim nrog rau zaj dab neeg.

Lavxias teb sab tog system yog ib tug multi-party. Txawm li cas los, theorists, soj ntsuam ntawm yog ntxias tias nws yog ib tug multi-party system ntawm lub amorphous thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov. Nyob rau ib tug par nrog zoo-paub thiab nrov heev ob tog ua ntej qhov kev xaiv tsa, tshiab, thiab ces tam sim ntawd ploj. Muaj ib tug plurality ntawm blocks uas nws qhov kev pab cuam tsis txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Vim hais tias ntawm no electorate yog tawg khiav ri niab, ua tus ncaj ncees lawm kev xaiv.

Txawm li cas los, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation vim cov kevcai tswj thiab tam sim no tsim txav deb deb ntawm no sib. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub kev xaiv tsa rau lub xeev Duma nyob rau hauv 1995 nws tau sau tseg rau ntau txog li 43 nom tswv koom haum ua teb. Nyob rau hauv 1999 - twb 26, thiab nyob rau hauv 2003, thiab txawm tsawg - 22 tog. Txhua txhua xyoo, qhov no xov tooj tau tsawg.

Lavxias teb sab tog system yog tswj los ntawm txoj cai, qhov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau teem tawm nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj "Nyob rau nom tswv ob tog". Los ntawm daim ntawv no txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub system.

Nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj, txhua tus neeg sab nrauv yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 50 txhiab tus neeg, nws yuav tsum muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm lub regional koom haum nyob rau hauv 50 cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, txhua tus uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau ntawm 100 neeg. Nce barrier thiab dhau tus Duma. Yav tas los, lub tog yuav tsum 5% ntawm cov votes ntawm lub electorate, tam sim no - yam tsawg kawg 7%.