Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv, cov thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv printing

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws inventions ntawm noob neej, lub hom phiaj rau koj mus cawm thiab ua rau kom nws txawj ntse, yog rau hauv phau ntawv. Nws tau los ua tus tseem ceeb crown ntawm kev sau ntawv, qhov chaw thiab lub cim ntawm kev txawj ntse. Tab sis yuav ua li cas puas tau phau ntawv no? Yuav ua li cas yog lub keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv? Yuav ua li cas tau nws hloov ntau tshaj yav dhau xyoo txhiab?

thawj qhov chaw

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau ntawv yog inextricably txuas nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov phau ntawv. Chiv, qhov ncauj piav thiab pob zeb paintings twb lub ntsiab txoj kev kis tau tus mob. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, qhov sib txawv haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau pib reinvent nws system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim rau xaiv lus. Los ntawm no taw tes muaj lub keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv.

Thaum cov neeg discovering sau ntawv, lawv tam sim ntawd pib siv sau ntawv tej improvised khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm yog cov pob zeb thiab hlau, ntoo av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj thiab ntau dua. Ib tug ruam tom ntej yog lub invention ntawm papyrus los ntawm cov Iyi. Ua ntej lub advent ntawm parchment ntawv thiab cov khoom siv no yog tsuas yog siv rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv.

qhov chiv keeb ntawm cov phau ntawv

Nyob rau hauv kev, glued mus papyrus phau yuav piav raws li ib yam ntawm cov phau ntawv. Lub Phoenician nroog ntawm Byblos, uas Papyrus export chaw nyob rau hauv lub Hellenic tug, muab lub Greek lub npe ntawm phau ntawv - Byblos. Nws yog los ntawm lo lus no los rau peb tag nrho cov paub tswvyim ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab tom qab lub nroog Loos, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau ua ib feem ntawm lub neej thiab kev vam meej. Npaj txawj sau ntawv sau tseg thiab luam tawm ntau phau ntawv ntau ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub hauv phau ntawv ntsia zoo li tej phau ntawv lub qhov txhab nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb stick, uas twb nyeem tas hnub.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm thawj phau ntawv ntawm no hom ntawv yog tsis paub tseeb. Tiam sis peb paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tej phau ntawv ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no.

daim ntawv tshiab

Kwv yees li nyob rau hauv kuv pua BC tshwm thawj zaug sau, tiam dhau ib tiam, lawv pib nce ntau dua thiab ntau dua chaw. Qhov no yog kev lom zem ntau vim qhov yooj yim thiab practicality. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj ib lub peev xwm los sau nyob rau ob sab ntawm daim ntawv. Cov ntawv sau, nrog nws me me luaj li cas, yog zoo nyob heev.

Nws yog tus nrog paub txog thiab yawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Christian, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog pib ntawm lub active siv parchment, uas displaces lub papyrus.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, yog inextricably txuas nrog cov txiv plig, raws li cov qub txeeg qub tes ntawm lub feem ntau lug nyeem thiab rau qhov cov mus tsim ib phau ntawv.

Tuam Tshoj yees daim ntawv, uas tom qab kis tau thoob Is Nrias teb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no Arab, thiab thence rau cov teb chaws Europe. Yog li ntawd maj cov phau ntawv radically hloov koj tus duab, pib zoo li tus paub hom ntawv.

Phau Ntawv nyob rau hauv ancient

Chiv nyob rau hauv Russia sau rau ntawm birch ntoo, tiam sis ntawm no tuaj nrog lub sij hawm thiab lwm yam xov xwm, xws li parchment daim ntawv. Keeb kwm ntawm lub phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ob peb tseem ceeb theem. Cov tsos ntawm birch-tawv, uas yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog thawj zaug rau theem, supplemented nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua, yam tsawg kawg ib tug tseem ceeb kev tshwm sim - cov creation ntawm lub Cyrillic niam ntawv. Tom qab no ua ntej sau phau ntawv zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv lub XI caug xyoo.

Raws li ib co historians, thawj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tau raug sau nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, tej zaum txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X.

evolution

Thaum lub sij hawm, nyob rau ib par nrog handwritten tshwm sim thiab ib tug txawv hom ntawm cov phau ntawv - luam. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv luam phau ntawv pib nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj. Muaj, thawj prints rau cov ntaub tsim los ntawm cov VI xyoo pua (raws li mus rau lwm cov chaw - los ntawm lub IX xyoo pua), txawm hais tias ib leeg-daim printing originated nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub III caug xyoo. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Egypt nws analogue nyob rau hauv lub V caug xyoo.

Thaum lub sij hawm, daim-luam kis mus rau ib lub teb chaws Arab ntawm sab hnub tuaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub XIV caug xyoo, tuaj rau teb chaws Europe. Yog li ntawd pib mus rau luam tawm kev cai dab qhuas prints, ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab chronology, lub sib ntawm tus huab tais, thiab txawm ua si phaib.

Nyob rau hauv 1445 (hnub approximate) Johannes Gutenberg tsim printing, ua ib tug txhob sai nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov chaw, xws li los ntawm font tsim thiab xaus nrog lub tsev lag luam ntawm nws cov printing xovxwm.

German phau ntawv printing pib kis thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Tag nrho cov phau ntawv, tsim ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm 1500, tau txais lub npe ntawm "incunabula", uas txhais txhais tau tias "menyuam txaj". Chiv, luam phau ntawv nyob twj ywm ib tug xov tooj ntawm handwritten tej yam tshwm sim, tab sis lub sij hawm ntau thiab ntau kom deb ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau nram qab no centuries ntawm typographic machines paub heev, thiab cov phau ntawv no yog xav paub ntxiv thiab xav paub ntxiv ua zoo ib yam li cov niaj hnub tsab. daim ntawv no muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, lub creation ntawm chav printing presses, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kev taw qhia ntawm linotype thiab monotype printing presses tso cai rau ho kom cov kev ceev thiab ntim ntawm printing, ua phau ntawv ntau npaum li cas pheej yig.

Ua ke nrog cov weakening ntawm censorship thiab cov extension qhia kev sau ntawv tej hauj lwm, cov phau ntawv ua muaj rau cov pej xeem thiab ib tug heev kawg tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab ib tug yeej muaj tseeb tus phooj ywg ntawm cov niaj hnub tus txiv neej.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov ntawv luam phau ntawv tseem tuav nws txoj hauj lwm, txawm hais tias tus emergence ntawm e-phau ntawv xa mus rau kauj ruam tom ntej nyob rau hauv nws cov evolution. Lub keeb kwm ntawm phau ntawv yog ib tug ntawm daim tw tshev.