Mina hiav txwv (yees duab)

Mina hiav txwv yog nws tus kheej-muaj nplaum tawg ntaus ntawv muab tso rau hauv cov dej nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav puas los yog puas tsuaj rau lub hulls ntawm ships, submarines, ferries, nuv ntses tej nkoj nquam thiab lwm yam Watercraft. Tsis zoo li tob nqi mines yog nyob rau hauv "pw tsaug zog" hauv lub xeev kom txog thaum kev sib cuag nrog cov hlab broadside. Naval mines yuav siv tau rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm ncaj qha kev puas tsuaj rau tus yeeb ncuab thiab rau es nws txav nyob rau hauv xaiv yaam qhia. Nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb txoj cai, kev kuv rog kev cai tsim 8 1907 Hague Convention.

kev faib

Hiav txwv mines yog txwv kom muab zais raws li cov nram qab no:

• Lub hom xwb - tsis tu ncua, tshwj xeeb (nuclear).
• Degree ntawm selectivity - li ib txwm (rau tej hom phiaj), kev xaiv tsa (paub tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlab).
• Manageability - tsav (los ntawm hlau, acoustic, xov tooj cua), unguided.
• Multiplicities - ntau (predetermined tooj ntawm lub hom phiaj), uas tsis yog-ntau.
• Hom fuse - tsis-hu rau (inductive, hydrodynamic, acoustic, magnetic), hu rau (kav hlau txais xov, fais fab &) ua ke.
• Hom ntawm installation - homing (torpedo), pop, ua luam dej, hauv qab, thauj tog rau nkoj.

Mines yog feem ntau npawv los yog lub voj qe (nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm m-torpedoes) ntau thiab tsawg los ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter' rau 6 meters (los yog ntau tshaj) nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Thauj tog rau nkoj yus muaj los ntawm ib tug them nyiaj txog li 350 kg, hauv qab - mus txog rau ib tug ton.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm hiav txwv mines tau siv los ntawm Suav nyob rau hauv lub 14th caug xyoo. Tsim lawv yog heev yooj yim: cov dej twb tarred chim ntawm gunpowder, uas coj mus rau ib tug wick uas yog txaus siab rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntab. Yuav tsum tau rau kev siv nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm teem hluav taws kub mus rau lub wick. Cov kev siv ntawm tej lug yog pom twb nyob rau hauv lub treatises ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th nyob rau hauv tib lub Tuam Tshoj, tab sis raws li ib tug blaster siv los ntawm ntau hauj flintlock mechanism. Paub mines siv tiv thaiv cov Japanese pirates.

Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, cov thawj tub rog hiav txwv kuv twb tsim nyob rau hauv 1574 los ntawm Englishman Ralph Rabbardsom. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, tus Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel, uas tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub ordnance Department nyob rau hauv ces, muaj tsim ices "floating crackers."

American txoj kev loj hlob

Ib tug tiag tiag formidable qauv yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog ntawm Independence los ntawm David Bushnell (1777). Nws yog tib yam hmoov keg, tab sis nruab nrog ib tug mechanism rau detonate nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tsoo nrog cov nkoj nkoj.

Nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm lub Civil War (1861) nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States los ntawm Alfred Vaud yees ob-hulled floating hiav txwv kuv. Lub npe mus xaiv haum rau nws - "infernal tshuab". Cov heev substance tsev nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau kheej kheej, nyob rau hauv lub dej, uas yog cia floating rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug ntoo thoob, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug ntab thiab ib tug detonator.

domestic tsim

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ib tug hluav taws xob fuse rau lub "infernal tshuab" invented los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab engineer Paul Schilling nyob rau hauv 1812. Thaum lub sij hawm hai siege ntawm Kronstadt, lub Anglo-Fabkis fleet (1854) nyob rau hauv lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog great-cov pov thawj tub rog hiav txwv kuv tsim Jacobi thiab Nobel. Kaum tsib puas raug "infernal tshuab" yog tsis tsuas paib down lub zog ntawm tus yeeb ncuab fleet, tab sis lawv muaj peb loj British steamship kuj puas ntsoog.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel muaj xam qhovkev buoyancy (los ntawm huab cua lag) thiab yog tsis yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub floats. Qhov no ua rau nws ua tau rau nruab nws nyiag nyob rau hauv cov dej, dai rau chains, los yog cia cov khiav.

Tom qab ntawd, kev koom siv spheroconical floating kuv, yog nyob rau hauv lub xav tau tob thiab ib tug me me unobtrusive ntab los yog thauj tog rau nkoj. Nws twb xub thov nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.) Thiab sawv ntawm fleet armed nrog ntxiv txhim kho rau cov 1960.

thauj tog rau nkoj kuv

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub yuav tsum tau tob thauj tog rau nkoj kawg - hlua. Pritaplivanie thawj kuaj muab phau ntawv kom haum ntawm ib tug cable ntev, uas yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau lub sij hawm. Lieutenant Azarov npaj tsim tso cai rau koj yuav tau nruab hiav txwv mines.

Tus ntaus ntawv yog nruab nrog ib tug system ntawm cov hlau lead load thiab tshem tawm saum toj no lub cargo anchors. Cov thauj tog rau nkoj kab yog qhov txhab mus rau lub nruas. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub load thiab cov thauj tog rau nkoj lub nruas yog tso tawm los ntawm lub brakes, thiab qhov kawg yog unwound los ntawm lub nruas. Thaum lub load nce mus txog rau hauv qab, tus quab yuam rub lub kawg ntawm lub txo thiab lub nruas stopper, uas cov "infernal tshuab" sunk rau ib tug tob coj mus rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub load rau lub thauj tog rau nkoj.

Thaum pib ntawm XX xyoo pua

Massively hiav txwv mines tau siv nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm Boxer Rebellion nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj (1899-1901 gg.) Imperial pab tub rog mined tus dej Hayfe, yuav tsum vov txoj kev mus rau Beijing. Tus thawj kuv rog unfolded Lavxias teb sab-Japanese confrontation nyob rau hauv 1905, thaum ob tog muaj kev koom siv qhov loj-productions teeb meem thiab breakthroughs ntawm minefields siv trawlers.

Qhov no tau raug replicated nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua ntej. German naval mines tiv thaiv tau tus tsaws ntawm British pab tub rog thiab impeded cov kev ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet. Submarines mined trade khiav, bays thiab straits. Cov phoojywg tsis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis, ze li ntawm txiav tawm teb chaws Yelemees ntawm lub North Hiav txwv outputs (qhov no coj 70 000 min). Tag nrho cov kev siv "infernal tshuab" ntawm cov kws txawj yog kwv yees li ntawm 235.000 units.

Hiav txwv mines ntawm ob ntiaj teb rog

Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub naval theaters ntawm hostilities nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug lab mines muaj lawm tauj, xws li cov dej ntawm lub Soviet Union - ntau tshaj 160 000. Lub teb chaws Yelemees yog tsim seev txog txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub seas, pas dej, dej ntws, dej khov nyob rau hauv lub Kara Hiav txwv thiab lub qis nce mus txog ntawm lub ob River. Retreating, tus yeeb ncuab mined qhov chaw nres nkoj berths, raids, qhov chaw nres nkoj. Tshwj xeeb brutal yog kuv rog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Baltic, qhov twg lub Germans xwb nyob rau hauv lub Gulf ntawm Finland twb xa ntau tshaj 70 000 tej daim.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kuv lub explosions sank txog 8,000 ships thiab cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhiab tus ships tau heev puas. Nyob rau hauv European dej yog twb nyob rau hauv lub postwar lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv mines tau tshuab mus 558 ships, 290 ntawm uas twb sunk. Nyob rau hauv thawj hnub ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Baltic tshuab destroyer "npau taws" thiab cov cruiser "Maxim Gorky".

German mines

German engineers thaum pib ntawm tsov rog tus phoojywg tau ras nrog tshiab high-efficiency hom mines nrog magnetic fuse. Mina hiav txwv tag tsis yog los ntawm cov kev sib cuag. Lub nkoj yog txaus ua luam dej nyob ze txaus rau ntawm cov xwb. Nws poob siab yoj txaus fav board. Puas ships yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam rau lub hom phiaj thiab xa rov qab rau kev kho.

Disproportionately cuam tshuam cov lus Askiv fleet. Churchill tus kheej tso rau lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog los tsim ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv, thiab mus nrhiav zoo txhais tau tias ntawm clearing mines, tab sis British cov kws txawj twb tsis tau hle daim card technologies. Nws tuaj txog los ntawm kev huam yuaj. Ib tug poob los ntawm German aircraft feeb daig nyob rau hauv lub chaw ntug hiav av nkos. Nws muab tawm hais tias lub nplaum tawg mechanism yog es complex thiab raws li lub magnetic teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kev tshawb fawb tau pab los mus tsim zoo minesweepers.

Soviet mines

Soviet naval mines twb tsis yog li ntawd technologically tshaj, tab sis tsis muaj tsis tshua zoo. Mas siv cov qauv CB "roob ris" thiab AG. "Roob ris" yog ib tug thauj tog rau nkoj kuv. CB-1 rau caj npab saws nyob rau hauv 1931, nyob rau hauv 1940 - kho KB-3. Tsim los rau cov loj minefields, tag nrho cov nyob rau pov tseg ntawm lub fleet rau thaum pib ntawm lub tsov rog muaj txog 8,000 units. Nrog ib tug ntev ntawm 2 meters thiab ib tug luj ntawm dua 230 tons tsev tuas kg explosives.

Mina kav hlau txais xov sib sib zog nqus (AG) siv rau dej nyab submarines thiab ships, raws li zoo raws li rau navigation teeb meem ntawm cov yeeb ncuab fleet. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm lub CB mus rau lub kav hlau txais xov kiag li lawm. Thaum lub sib ntaus los teem nyob rau hauv seawater ntawm ob tooj liab antennas leveled fais peev xwm. Thaum koj kov lub kav hlau txais xov casing ntawm lub submarine los yog nkoj lub peev xwm tshuav nyiaj li cas yog cuam tshuam, ua lub kaw ntawm hluav taws xob Circuit Court fuse. Ib tug kuv "tswj" 60 meters ntawm qhov chaw. General yam ntxwv sib haum mus rau lub CB qauv. Tom qab ntawd tooj liab kav hlau txais xov (yuav tsum 30 kg precious hlau) twb hloov los ntawm steel, cov khoom los AGSB tau. Ob peb cov neeg paub dab tsi lub npe ntawm lub hiav txwv kuv qauv AGSB: Kav hlau txais xov sib sib zog nqus steel antennas thiab cov khoom siv, tuaj txoos ua ke rau hauv ib chav tsev xwb.

kuv clearance

Tom qab 70 xyoo ntawm naval mines ntawm lub ntiaj teb ob tseem ua rau ib tug kev hem thawj rau kev thaj yeeb lub tuam txhab. Loj xov tooj ntawm lawv yog tseem qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub hiav txwv Baltic. Kom txog rau thaum 1945, tsuas 7% ntawm mines tau defused, thiab tus so coj ib xyoo caum yus ua hauj lwm ntawm demining.

Lub ntsiab tsim txom ntawm lub tawm tsam nrog cov kuv pw rau ntawm cov neeg ua hauj ntawm tus ships, minesweepers nyob rau hauv lub postwar xyoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nws muab kev koom tes txog 2,000 trawlers thiab mus txog rau 100 000 cov neeg ntawm cov neeg ua. Cov theem ntawm kev pheej hmoo yog tsis tshua muaj high vim hais tias ntawm lub lossi tawm tsam yam:

• tsis paub hais tias ciam teb rau lwm ntawm minefields;
• txawv installation depths min;
• ntaus min (thauj tog rau nkoj, kav hlau txais xov, nrog cuab, hauv qab noncontact nrog pab kiag li lawm num thiab multiplicity);
• tau ntshiv ntoo unexploded mines.

trawling technology

Trawling txoj kev yog deb ntawm zoo meej thiab txaus ntshai. Thaum txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cua tshuab los ntawm mines, ships mus los ntawm ib tug minefield thiab rub dua ib trawl. Li no rau qhov kev nyuaj siab mob ntawm cov neeg los ntawm cov tos cov tawg.

Trawl undercut thiab surfaced kuv (yog hais tias nws yog tsis pob tawg lawm nyob rau hauv lub nkoj los yog nyob rau hauv lub trawl) yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem. Nyob rau hauv ntxhib hiav txwv attaching lub cuam tshuam patron. Undermining nws mines kev ruaj ntseg tua ntawm naval phom, raws li muaj feem ntau yog ib cov plhaub pierced lub plhaub kuv tsis kov cov fuse. Unexploded tub rog kuv nteg rau hauv av, cov sawv cev ib tug tshiab, tsis amenable mus tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev nyab xeeb.

xaus

Naval kuv, ib tug yees duab uas txhawb ntshai tsuas yog ib qho saib yog tseem formidable, tuag, pheej yig riam phom. Devices tau ua ntau "ntse" thiab ntau haib. Muaj tsim nrog tsim nuclear xwb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov hom, muaj cab, Shestov, propelling, self-propelled thiab lwm yam "infernal machine."