Network thiab network technology. Network ntaub ntawv technology

Niaj hnub no, tes hauj lwm thiab lub network yees mus cuag cov neeg thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no thiab muab lawv nrog kev nkag mus rau lub biggest khoom kim heev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - tib neeg kev sib txuas lus. Cov neeg tsis muaj cuam tshuam sib tham thiab ua si nrog koj cov phooj ywg uas yog nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Cov txheej xwm paub tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv vib nas this. Ib tug yog muaj peev xwm mus txuas rau hauv Internet thiab muab tso rau nws daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Network ntaub ntawv technology: cov hauv paus hniav ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tib neeg kev vam meej nws twb tsim los ntawm ob tug ntawm nws cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev thiab hauj industries - computer thiab telecommunication technologies. Hais txog ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib xyoo pua ob cov lag luam muaj hloov zuj zuj ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv, ntsig txog, computer thiab telecommunications tes hauj lwm tau tsim. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub kawg peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov evolution thiab interpenetration ntawm cov ob ceg ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse, thiab muaj dab tsi peb hu lub sij hawm "network technology" yog ib tug subset ntawm qhov ntau dav tswvyim ntawm "cov lus qhia technology".

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov tsos muaj ib tug tshiab hauj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Cia li raws li ib tug ob peb xyoo lawm ua ntej nws saum npoo av them los ntawm ib tug network ntawm kev loj, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tag nrho cov teb chaws, lub zos, thiab lub zos, qhauj thiab cov koom haum raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug neeg tsev tau hais txog "cov lus qhia superhighway." Txawm li cas los, tag nrho lawv ua ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov tes hauj lwm cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob ntawm computers, nyob rau hauv uas tej yam lus qhia kis tau tus mob technology tau paub.

Network Technology: tswvyim thiab cov ntsiab lus

Network technology yog txaus rau kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug cov ntaub ntawv ua network coherent teem cov kev cai sawv cev thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, siv raws li ib tug thiaj li hu ua "txheem twg", raws li zoo raws li hardware thiab software, xws li network adapters nrog cov neeg tsav tsheb, cables thiab fiber optic, txawv connectors ( connectors).

"Sufficiency" txhais tau hais tias ua yog nws minimization ntawm, thaum tswj tau constructing ib workable network. Nws yuav tsum muaj lub peev xwm ntawm kev txhim kho, piv txwv li, los ntawm txoj kev kom nws subnets, uas yuav tsum siv kev cai nyob rau ntau lub ntau ntau, raws li zoo raws li spetskommunikatorov, feem ntau xa mus rau raws li "routers". Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub network yuav ceev thiab ntau txhim khu kev qha, tab sis nyob rau tus nqi ntawm kev mus saib xyuas superstructures tshaj lwm network technology tivthaiv ntawm nws cov hauv paus.

Lub sij hawm "network technology" yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub saum toj no nqaim kev txiav txim zoo, tab sis feem ntau nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab Benefit txhais raws li tej co kev cai thiab cov kev siv ntawm tej hom ntawm tes hauj lwm, xws li "lub zos computer networking technology."

Ib tug tsab ntawm network technology

Tus thawj tsab ntawm ib lub computer network, tab sis, tsis tau network nws tus kheej, pib nyob rau hauv lub 60-80s. lub xyoo pua xeem, multi-davhlau ya nyob twg system. Cuag ib tug txheej ntawm saib thiab keyboard, uas yog nyob rau hauv loj deb ntawm lub mainframe thiab txuas mus rau lawv ntawm tus xov tooj modems los yog xauj kab, terminals tawm ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm ITC thiab dispersed thoob plaws lub tsev.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tshwj tsis yog rau lub computer neeg teb xov tooj mus rau lub ITC, tag nrho cov neeg yog muab lub sij hawm mus rau hauv lub terminals Keypad lawv paub tab thiab saib xyuas lawv cov tiav rau cov saib, thiab ua tau zoo ib co ua hauj lwm neeg ua hauj lwm kev tswj. Cov systems uas siv ob qho tib si algorithms sib cais sij hawm thiab batch ua, hu ua tej thaj chaw deb txoj hauj lwm nkag systems.

WANs

Ua raws li cov multi-davhlau ya nyob twg systems nyob rau hauv lub lig 60s. Thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Nws yog tsim thiab tus thawj hom network - lub ntiaj teb no computer network (GCS). Lawv khi li cov supercomputers uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib cov ntawv luam thiab muab khaws cia cim cov ntaub ntawv thiab software kom loj computers, stationed lawv nyob mus txog li txhiab tus kilometers, ntawm xov tooj tes hauj lwm thiab modems. Qhov no network technology twb kuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug multi-davhlau ya nyob twg systems.

Tus thawj SSC nyob rau hauv 1969 los ua tus ARPANET, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub US Department of kws muaj txuj ci thiab integrates heterogeneous computers uas txawv operating systems. Lawv nruab nrog dopmoduley rau lub realization ntawm kev sib txuas lus network twg, ntau rau tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm ib network ntawm computers. Nws yog nyob rau nws qhia txog network technology siv nyob rau hauv qhov tam sim no tsim.

Tus thawj piv txwv ntawm cov convergence ntawm computer thiab telecommunication tes hauj lwm

GCS pub txuas ntawm cov laus thiab ntiaj teb no tes hauj lwm - .. Xov, piv txwv li mus pw tshiab kab ntawm kev deb nws yog kim heev. Yog li ntawd, tau ntau xyoo lawv siv analog lub suab raws rau kis tau tus mob ntawm ib lub sij hawm tsuas yog ib qho kev sib tham. Cov ntaub ntawv yog kis rau ib tug heev tsawg ceev (kaum ntawm kbit / s), thiab muaj peev xwm kom tsis txhob muaj kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab e-mail.

Txawm li cas los, inheriting xov tooj kab, SCS tsis coj lawv cov tub ntxhais technology, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Circuit Court switching, thaum ib khub ntawm subscribers rau tag nrho cov kev sib kho lub sij hawm sawv channel ntawm qhov ceev. Lub GCS siv lub computer tshiab network technology, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv switching, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov me me feem ntawm packets ntawm qhov tus nqi yog muab nyob rau hauv lub unswitched network thiab tau txais los ntawm tus tau txais nyob rau hauv lawv cov network chaw nyob codes kos nyob rau hauv lub pob ntawv headers.

predecessors LANs

Lub rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lig 70s. Thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. LSI tau coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug mini-computer nrog uas tsis muaj nqi thiab nplua nuj functionality. Lawv pib los yeej sib tw nrog lub loj computers.

Lawv tau ua heev nrov mini-computer PDP-11 tsev neeg. Lawv ntsia ntawm tag nrho cov, txawm ib tug heev me me lawm units los tswj cov kev txheej txheem thiab ib tug neeg txoj kev units, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv department tswj tuam txhab uas muag ua chaw ua hauj lwm pab raws qib.

Muaj yog ib tug tswvyim ntawm faib enterprise-wide computer kev pab, txawm hais tias minicomputers tau tseem ua hauj lwm autonomously.

Lub advent ntawm LAN-networking

Los ntawm nruab nrab-80s. Thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Peb tau pib technologies combining mini-computers nyob rau hauv lub network, raws li nyob rau hauv lub switching ntawm cov ntaub ntawv packets, raws li nyob rau hauv GCS.

Lawv muab cov kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug network ntawm tuam txhab uas muag, hu ua lub zos (LAN - LAN), nyob rau hauv ib tug yuav luag tsis tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm. Rau nws cov creation, tsuas yuav tau mus yuav ib tug network adapter rau cov LAN-xaiv technology, piv txwv li, Ethernet, ib tug txheej txheem cable system, ntsia rau ntawm nws lub cable connectors (terminals) thiab txuas lub adapter mus rau lub mini-computers thiab nrog txhua lwm yam los ntawm cov cables. Tom ntej no, ib tug computer neeg rau zaub mov yog ntsia ib tug ntawm cov operating system tsim rau LAN koom haum - network. Tom qab ntawd, nws pib mus ua hauj lwm, thiab lub tom ntej accession ntawm txhua tshiab minicomputers ho tsis ua kom muaj teeb meem.

Lub inevitability ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub Internet

Yog hais tias lub rov tshwm sim ntawm minicomputers tso cai faib computer kev pab evenly tshaj lub ib ncig ntawm Enterprises, lub rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90s. PC coj mus rau lawv cov gradual rov tshwm sim ua ntej nyob rau hauv txhua chaw ua hauj lwm txhua txhua paub neeg ua hauj lwm, thiab ces nyob rau hauv tus neeg tib neeg tsev.

Tus txheeb ze uas tsis muaj nqi thiab siab cia siab rau ntawm lub PC ua ntej muab ib tug haib boost mus rau lub LAN-network, thiab ces coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no computer network - Internet, cheb lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no.

Loj ntawm Internet txhua lub hli yog loj hlob los ntawm 7-10%. Nws yog ib tug ntxhais phau ntawv ntau yam hauv zos thiab ntiaj teb no tes hauj lwm ntawm qhauj thiab cov tsev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nrog txhua lwm yam.

Yog hais tias tus thawj theem ntawm lub Internet feem ntau kis tau cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab e-mail lus, tab sis hnub no nws mas muab tej thaj chaw deb mus rau ib tug faib ntaub ntawv Resource thiab hluav taws xob archives, mus coj mus muag thiab uas tsis yog-coj mus muag informsluzhbam ntau lub teb chaws. Nws dawb nkag tau mus archives muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv suab tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev paub thiab kev ua pej xeem - los ntawm tshiab qhia nyob rau hauv science rau huab cua as kaj.

Basic Network LAN-network technology

Ntawm lawv yog cov tub ntxhais technologies uas lub hauv paus ntawm tej kev network peev xwm yuav ua. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, xws zoo-paub technology raws li ib tug LAN-Ethernet (1980), Token nplhaib (1985) thiab FDDI (kawg 80s.).

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 90-ies. ib tug thawj coj LAN-Ethernet networking technology sawv technology uniting classical variant ntawd nrog cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob npaum li cas mus rau 10 Mbit / s, thiab Fast Ethernet (txog li 100 Mbit / c) thiab Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). Tag nrho cov Ethernet-technology muaj zoo xws li cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub lag luam, simplifying lawv muab kev pab thiab combining LAN-tes hauj lwm raws li lawv.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, cov tub ntxhais ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov computer operating system developers pib los lawv muaj lawv network zog los mus siv rau hauv lub saum toj no-hais web-based ntaub ntawv technology. Muaj txawm tshwj xeeb kev sib txuas lus OS zoo li iOS no Cisco Systems tuam txhab.

Yuav ua li cas muaj lub GCS technology

GCS technology rau analog xov tooj raws vim lub high theem ntawm distortion nyob rau hauv cov sib txawv txoj kev tswj algorithms thiab cov ntaub ntawv rov qab. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm X.25 technology yog tseem pib ntawm lub 70s. Thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Ntau tshaj networking technologies - ib tug ncej relay, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - ib qho acronym lub ntsiab lus "cov network nrog kev pab cuam", pub nqa tawm tej thaj chaw deb video conferencing. Tej thaj chaw deb yog muab los ntawm kev txhim kho cov PC ISDN adapters khiav ntau lub sij hawm sai tshaj tej modems. Muaj kuj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb software uas tso cai rau nrov browsers thiab operating tshuab ua hauj lwm nrog ISDN. Tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev xav tau rau nteg tshwj xeeb link hinders txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no technology.

WAN technology loj nrog lub xov tooj tes hauj lwm. Tom qab lub advent ntawm cov telephony Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy tau tsim (PDH), uas txhawb nqa speeds mus txog 140 Mbit / s thiab siv los mus tsim cov lag luam ntawm lawv tus kheej tes hauj lwm.

Tshiab technology Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s. Thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. txhab bandwidth cov xov tooj raws mus 10 Gb / c, ib tug Tuab Wave cov kev faib Multiplexing (DWDM) technology - mus rau pua pua Gb / c thiab txawm mus txog ob peb terabits / c.

Internet technology

Internet network yees raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm hypertext lus (los yog HTML-lus) - spetsyazyka npav electronic ntaub ntawv, muaj ib tug txiav txim kom tso cov cwj pwm (cim npe), ua tswvcuab pre developers websites nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm lawv cov nplooj ntawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tsis tham txog ib phau ntawv los yog duab cov ntaub ntawv (cov duab, duab) uas muaj twb tau "downloaded" los ntawm hauv Internet siv, nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm nws lub PC thiab saib los ntawm ib tug ntawv nyeem los yog duab editors. Qhov no yog qhov thiaj li hu ua nplooj ntawv Web site saib los ntawm ib tug browser kev pab cuam.

Developers ntawm Web sites tsim lawv rau lub HTML-lus (tam sim no tsim ntau yam cuab yeej thiab yees uas ua hauj lwm, collectively hu ua "site layout") nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nplooj ntawv Web site ua ke, thiab qhov chaw tus tswv tsev yog muab tso rau hauv Internet servers nyob rau hauv daim ntawv xauj tsev los ntawm tus tswv ntawm cia servers (yog li ntawd-hu ua "party"). Lawv ua hauj lwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub moos nyob rau hauv Internet, pab cov kev xav tau ntawm nws cov neeg siv rau saib nplooj ntawv Web site muaj tau ntxiv rau lawv.

Browsers neeg siv PCs, tau txais los ntawm lub neeg rau zaub mov ntawm koj tus Internet muab kev pab yuav nkag tau rau ib tug neeg rau zaub mov, qhov chaw nyob ntawm uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus thov web site, nkag tau mus rau qhov chaw no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cais tus HTML-tag ntawm txhua phab ntawv koj saib, browsers tsim nws cov duab ntawm qhov screen nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tau xeeb los ntawm tus tsim tawm ntawm qhov chaw - nrog rau tag nrho cov nuj nqis, cov xim thiab fonts, ntau yam inserts nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab, kos duab, duab, thiab hais txog. .