TsimScience

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlau atoms

Rooj tshuaj ntsiab thiab nta no muaj tsib puas sib txawv tshuaj. Lub ib thooj ntawm lawv yog hlau. Cov tshuaj lug kis ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Co muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov cua thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, raws li ib feem ntawm uas muaj sia nyob thiab cov nroj tsuag, raws li zoo raws li cov dej ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, seas, pas dej thiab cov niam dej. Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab yog heev txog. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tau cov lus hais sib txawv los ntawm yam lwm pab pawg. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus khoom belongs rau cov qeb ntawm hlau, ces nws yuav tsum tau muab cai ib yam daim ntawv teev cov khoom:

- muaj ib tug tuab crystalline qauv;
- pronounced ci;
- muaj peev xwm rau hluav taws xob conductivity;
- ib tug high degree ntawm thermal conductivity;
- txo nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm rau kev hluav taws xob nrog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub thermal tsoom fwv;
- me ntsis recoil electrons;
- malleability thiab ductility;
- muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau yam alloys.

Tus qauv ntawm cov hlau, uas yog txhais kawm scientific ntiaj teb no, sawv cev rau lub crystal lattice. Thaum nws puag yog free electrons thiab ions muaj ib tug zoo xwb. Cov siv lead ua nws tus kheej yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub ntxaij ntoo daim ntawv muaj cov spatial qauv. Lub pob hlav ntawm lub system nyob los ntawm cov ions thiab electrons nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib tug muaj peev xwm rau kev tshem. Tus qauv ntawm lub atoms ntawm co tso cai rau lub active hais tas li tsiv. Electrons ua zaus ntawm atoms, raws li zoo raws li tig ib ncig ntawm lawv nuclei. Paub txog cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov hlau atoms yuav nkag piav qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau ntawd. Nws tshwm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub peev xwm sib txawv thaum cov electrons uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ions pib kom cov lus tsa suab nyob rau hauv ib tug coj.

Cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov hlau atoms thiab ua siab thermal conductivity cov ntaub ntawv ntsiab. Lub electrons uas ua rau ib tug tas mus zog, pauv zog ions nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov tom kawg. Hais uas nyob rau hauv lub ntxaij ntoo ntshav kis deeg mus neighboring hais yog tom ntej no, thiab li ntawm. Li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau tshav kub kuas hom. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov kub thiab txias yuav niaj hnub thoob plaws hauv lub loj.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atoms ntawm co yog nyob rau hauv hav zoov ntawm cov covalent daim ntawv cog lus ua cim. Nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog tam sim no raws li pendant dag zog yuam uas attracts electrons thiab ions. Qhov no yog ib tug hlau daim ntawv cog lus uas tau tshwm sim ntawm tus hais ntawm lub caij. Qhov no hom ntawm kev twb kev txuas yog tam sim no txawm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug kua hauv lub xeev ntawm teeb meem. Los ntawm no, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias cov hlau daim ntawv cog lus tsis muaj ib tug neeg hais. Nws muaj lawv units.

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Science News for KIDS, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qauv ntawm cov hlau atoms yog li tus recoil electrons thiab valence hloov thaum nyob rau hauv ions. Li ntawd, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nws tus kheej ua hauj lwm pab zog reductant. Muaj peev xwm mus muab lawv electrons nyob rau ntau lub co yog manifested nyob rau hauv ntau yam degrees. Cov yooj yim tus txheej txheem no tshwm sim, lub ntau yam yog xav tau ib tug keeb. Yog li nws kev sis raug zoo nrog lwm yam nyiaj pab ntau tshaj tshwm sim kwm. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txhawj xeeb, uas yog kos mus txog los ntawm ib tug tej Beketov - Lavxias teb sab chemist. Co nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus uas characterizes cov hniav lwj ntawm lawv tshuaj muaj peev xwm rau kev ua si. Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm txhawj xeeb, peb yuav txiav txim seb lub thaj chaw ntawm lub caij:

- thaum uas txo lub electrode tej zaum ntawm lub hlau tsub kom nws hloov muaj nuj nqi;
- muaj peev xwm tshem co ntawm brines cov ntsiab uas yog pov tseg tom qab lawv nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series;
- co, pov tseg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau sab laug ntawm active hydrogen, yuav tshem nws los ntawm lub acidic daws teeb meem.

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