Nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm induction - nws ... Induction Theory William Whewell

Deductive thiab inductive txoj kev cognition yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv logic thiab philosophy. Lawv yuav tsum tau saib nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, nws yog cov tswv yim uas pab txhawb kom tau rau xav hais tias cov lus tshiab qhia los ntawm uas yog twb muaj. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam - lawv yog piav raws li tshwj xeeb txoj kev cognition. Xav txog qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej mechanism ntawm generalized ntaub ntawv, xws li induction.

Philosophy: tus tswv yim ntawm qhov sib txawv txoj kev nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub

Lo lus "txiav" yog txhais los ntawm Latin txhais tau tias "kev tshem tawm." Hais tias yog, thaum twg los ntawm tej kev, paub daws teeb kev txawj ntse yog ib txoj kev hloov mus nws tus kheej los yog kev hom. Induction translates li "kev taw qhia." Hais tias yog, nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub generalization ntawm ib co private paub, kev los yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm induction - nws yog feem ntau yog ib txoj kev tau txais cov zuag qhia tag nrho kev txiav txim los ntawm lub cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias txiav muab ib tug ntau txhim khu kev qha kev txawj ntse, yog tias muaj tseeb nws thaj chaw. Nws yog xav paub ntau pov, thiab cov txais tos ntawm kev txawj ntse raws li European science, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev kawm txog zauv. Tab sis induction tsuas yog "Muab" ntawm qhov tseeb, yuav pab mus nrhiav nws. Nws muaj ib tug probabilistic xwm thiab, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog ib lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub creation ntawm hypotheses. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua tsis tiav induction. Nws yog ib tug variant ntawm no txoj kev ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Yog hais tias ib tug tej yam lus no yuav tsum muaj pov thawj rau tag nrho cov neeg mob, peb yuav soj ntsuam nrog ib tug tag nrho induction. Nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, siv cov txiav. Txawm li cas los, nws yog hu ua tus inductive txoj kev. Tag nrho cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus tshwj xeeb axioms raws li qhov uas cov txheej txheem no yog raws li.

Excursion mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm antiquity

Nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm induction - ib txoj kev paub txog yog leej twg yug ua ke nrog cov kev qhia ntawm Socrates. Tab sis nws to taub txog cov txheej txheem no ntau los ntawm ib tug uas yog lub npe hu rau peb tam sim no. Nws hu ua cov kev sib piv thiab tshem tawm txoj kev, thaum txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev mob twb muab pov tseg ib yam nkaus thiab nqaim txhais cov ntsiab lus, thiab yog lawv zuag qhia tag nrho tus nqi. Nrog rau cov emergence ntawm Aristotle tej lus qhia hloov tag nrho lub ancient Greek philosophy. Induction twb xub tsim raws li ib txoj ntsiab cai ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho kev paub txog kev hais. Tej no nws tau piav raws li dialectical. Qhov zoo philosopher hu ua lub induction txoj kev, rov qab syllogism. Cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm kis tau paub nws ntseeg txiav.

Renaissance

Yuav ua li cas yog muaj tshwm sim rau lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv philosophy? Induction - yog lub hauv paus ntawm no science, xav li cas txog lub Renaissance nuj nqis. Lawv yog cov heev ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Aristotle, raws li nws lub hom phiaj twb raws li scholasticism, uas lawv xav hais tias outdated thiab hampering txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science. Tshwj xeeb yog radical nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog Frensis Bekon. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov kev txiav yog ib tug tso siab rau cov lus thiab tej yam tshwm sim, thiab yog hais tias lub caij nyoog kawg no kom formulated, ces tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse tsis ua kev zoo siab. Nws muaj rau ua kwvyees ntawm scientific discoveries, tsis mus piav qhia txog lawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas twb muaj lawm theories.

Induction nyob rau hauv lub "Tshiab Organon"

Nws yog nthuav tias nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm siab phem rau Aristotle, Nqaij npuas kib ze li ntawm ua raws li nws tej hauv paus ntsiab. Nws kuj txwv lub induction ntawm syllogism, thiab nws loj ua hauj lwm hu ua "Tshiab Organon", nyob rau hauv tawv ncauj ntawm tus poj Greek. Nruab nrab ntawm lub txheej xwm thiab cov lus tseeb, nws suav hais tias yog txawj xav, koj yuav tsum tau saib tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas logic raws li causal kev sib raug zoo. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv, zoo sib xws, balances thiab lwm yam kev hloov. Vim lub induction ntawm Bacon los ua lub ntsiab txoj kev European science thiab cov kev txaus siab txiav tsis muaj zog txaus. Tab sis, ces, tom qab Descartes, philosophy ib zaug dua rov qab mus rau lub syllogism li ib lub hauv paus tau qhov tseeb paub.

Rov qab mus induction. John Stuart Zeb

Qhov no yog cov lus Askiv paub txog dua thuam deductive txoj kev nyob rau hauv epistemology. Nws hais tias syllogism yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb qhov kev hloov los ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm qho kev tshwm sim, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov kev mus rau lub meej. Raws li nws pom nws li lub xaus ntawm ib tug inductive hauv paus rau kev tseeb. Zeb thiab nthuav complements lub reflections Bacon. Los ntawm nws taw tes ntawm view, lub philosophy ntawm induction - nws yog plaub txoj kev, uas yog interconnected.

• Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - pom zoo. Hais tias yog, thaum twg muaj ib tug zoo sib thooj nyob rau hauv ob los yog ntau tshaj tus neeg mob ntawm ib tug tshwm sim peb yuav soj ntsuam nrog yog vim li cas hais tias txoj kev tshawb no.
• Ob txhais - qhov no txim hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwm sim, tab sis yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam, tab sis tag nrho cov lwm yam lus ntawm tib phenomena. Yog li ntawd, qhov txawv yog qhov ua rau.
• Qhov thib peb - ib tug balances. Piv txwv peb piav txog ib yam nyob rau hauv ib co kev ua ntawm lub phenomenon. Yog li ntawd txhua tsav txhua yam nyob rau hauv no phenomenon yuav muab tau los ntawm cov seem lus tseeb.
• Thaum kawg, cov txoj kev tsim nyog. Yog hais tias peb pom hais tias tom qab ib tug tshwm sim tshwm sim thaum ib yam dab tsi hloov nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam, ces muaj yog ib tug causal kev twb kev txuas ntawm lawv.

Philosophy ntawm kev kawm: induction raws li ib tug ntawm nws ncej

English lexicographer puas tawm xyoo dhau Uidyam Whewell, uas tau sau kaum ob ntawm tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev kawm, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau muaj koob tw Dzhona Styuarta Zeb. Cuaj kaum, nws, dhau lawm, ntseeg hais tias cov induction muaj ib tug ntev muaj nuj nqis rau kev txawj ntse. Qhov no raws li nram no los ntawm lub npe ntawm nws loj tej hauj lwm. Nws phau ntawv "Lub Philosophy ntawm lub inductive Sciences" tsim ib tug furor nyob rau hauv cov nruj kev txiav txim zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws yog tus txivneej uas peb tshuav cov niaj hnub tau cov lo lus nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, nws tau ua ib tug heev nrov lo lus "science", nrog nws lub teeb tes yog, dab tsi ua zaum tau thaum kawg ceased yuav tsum tau hu ua "tej yam ntuj tso philosophy." Nws lub hom phiaj ntawm induction yog heev nthuav thiab tsis tau poob nws tseem ceeb rau hnub no. Tsis muaj lub zem Whewell hu ua ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub philosophy ntawm science.

Lwm saib lub hom phiaj ntawm induction

Tag nrho epistemology philosopher subdivided rau hauv lub hom phiaj thiab subjective. Nyob rau hauv nws saib, tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse los ntawm lub tswv yim los yog ntawm ncus. Tab sis txoj kev xav, muab tau los ntawm kev (inductive), ib tug qhia ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv science. Nws yog raws li yog hais tias lawv tau sau me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sau los ntawm experimenters, thiab siv cov lus qhib los mus piav qhia cov ua rau thiab formulating cai. Whewell ntseeg hais tias nws tseem ua hauj lwm ntawm Francis Bacon, thiab yog li ntawd sib cav nrog Zeb nyob rau hauv cov kev ntseeg hais tias tus tom kawg yog txhais ib yam nkaus thiab narrowly induction, thiaj li nws hloov thiab uniformity. Cov txheej txheem uas ib txwm tej kev tseeb "quav" ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm tej lus tseeb, ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab lub nce qib ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ua ntej. Lub hom phiaj ntawm induction William Whewell yog lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug puas siab puas ntsws lag luam "generalization," uas raws li nws yog ib tug zoo ntawm choj connects ib yam ua ke ntawm cov lus tseeb. Yog li, nws "qhia" cov kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim uas koj yuav siv los qhia ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv hais los ntawm qhov siv txoj cai lij choj.

Raws li ib tug inductive txais to taub nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm

Tam sim no science thiab philosophy pom tau hais tias ob qho tag nrho ntawm cov kev ntawm kev txawj ntse. Induction thiab txiav yog lug siv. Tab sis logic thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov chaw zov yog tseem lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub scientific kev txawj ntse. Piv txwv ntawm tiav induction - thaum muaj ib tug tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab rau lub hauv paus uas yog txiav txim los ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg ntawm lawv - tsis heev. Feem ntau cov lus sib cav raws li nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, probabilistic. Lawv sawv cev rau tsis tiav induction cov lus xaus. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov kev - nws yog ib tug uas zoo heev los tsim qhov tseeb. Tab sis lub inductive txoj kev ua hauj lwm nkaus xwb yog tias muaj yog ib tug monotonous kev txiav txim ntawm tej yam uas muaj tsis tau mus Zeb. Yog hais tias cuaj caum feem pua ntawm cov neeg - txoj cai-laug neeg, qhov tseeb ntawm teej tug mus rau cov haiv neeg tsis cais lub fact tias tus neeg zaum yuav sab laug-tes laug. Yog li ntawd qhov logic yog yeej ib txwm hais cov kev txwv ntawm inductive txoj kev. Lawv yog cov feem ntau lub xwb tshwm sim thiab yuav tsum tau ntxiv thaj av thiab cov pov thawj. Tib yam siv rau lub analogy. Nws cov ntsiab lus ( "ua") nyob rau hauv qhov sib thooj nyob rau hauv lub phenomena. Txawm li cas los, qhov no zoo sib thooj tej zaum yuav dag thiab tsis yeej ib txwm qhia causation. tsis tiav induction txoj kev ua lub hauv paus ntawm qhov yuam kev. Superstitions thiab stereotypes kuj yuav nws creatures.

induction ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau mus kuaj kev hypotheses

Ib tug zoo-paub critic ntawm "holistic mus kom ze" los tshawb fawb Karl Popper considers lub theoretical txawj ntse raws li nram no. Nws sim los teb cov lus peb cov lus nug tsa los ntawm lawv. Puas yuav ua tau mus nrhiav pov thawj rau hauv lub assertion ntawm ib hom universal nyob rau hauv hais tias nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev? Lub philosopher ntseeg hais tias muaj, thiab yog li ntawd induction, los ntawm nws taw tes ntawm view, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav siv tsis tau. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no ob tug tej teeb meem nws plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Yog nws ua tau, nug Popper, xav hais tias ib tug tej yam kev tshawb xav yog tsis muaj tseeb, Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv refute nws? Yog, ntawm chav kawm, nws hais tias. Thiab yog hais tias muaj ntau ntau theories, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yog tsis kam muab qhov kev, thiab ib co - tsis muaj? Tom qab ntawd peb yuav xaiv cov neeg uas muaj kev tswj kom "ciaj sia". Yog li, raws li Popper, induction raws li ib tug txoj kev pov thawj nyob rau hauv philosophy plays ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm. Nws yuav pab peb txiav txim seb lub falsity ntawm cov nqe lus, tab sis tsis muab nws qhov tseeb. Nrog nws cov kev pab, peb yeej paub cov neeg hypotheses uas yog cov feem ntau resistant thaum kuaj.