Organic Science News for KIDS thiab fizkolloidnaya: hauj lwm, hom phiaj thiab nta

Fizkolloidnaya Science News for KIDS - lub science uas kawm lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm nto phenomena thiab disperse systems.

txhais

Fizkolloidnaya Science News for KIDS txuam nrog dispersed systems. Nyob rau hauv lawv nws yog coj mus txhais li cas ib lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas ib tug los yog ntau tshaj tshuaj yog dispersed (fragmented) lub xeev los ntawm qhov hnyav ob cov ntaub ntawv uas. Theem yog raug xa mus rau raws li qhov tawg lawm dispersed theem. Lub dispersion nruab nrab yog hu ua ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv ib tug fragmented daim ntawv no yog cov discontinuous theem.

Adsorption thiab nto phenomena

Fizkolloidnaya Science News for KIDS xav nto phenomena uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov interface ntawm dispersed systems.

Cov lawv peb nco ntsoov:

• ntxoov;
• nto nro;
• adsorption.

Tshuaj ntsuam Fizkolloidnaya tseem ceeb kev dab hais txog dej phwj rau thiab cua purification, kawm ntawm mineral, hlau welding, coloration txawv chaw, lubrication, tu chaw.

nto nro

Organic Science News for KIDS thiab fizkolloidnaya piav qhia txog lub phenomena tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov interface. Peb tsom xam ib qhov system uas muaj roj thiab kua. Ib molecule, uas yog sab hauv lub cev, attraction rog ua nyob rau ib feem uas nyob ze molecules. Ib molecule, uas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, kuj muaj cov nyhuv ntawm kev quab yuam, tab sis lawv tsis compensated.

Yog vim li cas yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm molecules yog loj txaus quab yuam yog yuav luag tsawg heev. Lub sab hauv siab ntawm sim ceev ntawm qhov tob ntawm kua molecules, uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug compression.

Yuav kom tsim ib tug tshiab nto interface, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ncab cov zaj duab xis, nws yog tsim nyog los ua hauj lwm tiv thaiv cov sab hauv siab. Nruab nrab ntawm lub npaum zog thiab cov internal siab ntawm ib tug ncaj qha kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim. Lub zog yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, ib tug saum npoo free zog yog suav hais tias.

Fundamentals ntawm thermodynamics

Lub ntsiab kev pab raws qib fizkolloidnoy Science News for KIDS muaj xws li muab xam rau ntawm lub thermodynamic sib npaug. Nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lo lus nug, peb yuav txiav txim tau ntawm nws txawj tshwm sim.

Vim lub thermodynamic instability uas txaus tshuab dab uas yog txuam nrog rau o ntawm tus hais, nrog los ntawm ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub interface.

Vim li cas rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv thermodynamic lub xeev

Yuav ua li cas yam cuam tshuam rau tus nto nro?

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau ntsiab qhov xwm ntawm tus tshuaj. Lub nto nro yog ncaj qha txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub condensed theem. Los ua lub polarity nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj tshwm sim nro rog nce.

Lub xeev ntawm cov interface muaj feem xyuam rau cov theem thiab kub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nce ntawm txo nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ntawm cov rog kuj ntawm tus neeg hais.

Lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yaj nyob rau hauv lub xeem kua, kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub xeev ntawm ib thermodynamic system.

Muaj ob hom tshuaj. TID (nto-tsaug zog cov ntaub ntawv uas) ua rau kom cov magnitude ntawm lub nro ntawm cov tshuaj muab piv nrog ib qho zoo tagnrho kuab. Tej ntaub ntawv no muaj muaj zog electrolytes. Surfactants (nto active tshuaj mas siv) txo qhov ntau ntawm nro nyob rau interface nyob rau hauv lub resulting tov. Los ua cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog cai, lawv nyob rau hauv concentration ntawm qhov chaw txheej ntawm cov tshuaj. Ncov qaumteb qabteb organic tebchaw yog acids, alcohols. Lawv muaj li ntawm ncov qaumteb qabteb ib pawg (amino, carboxyl, hydroxo) thiab nonpolar hydrocarbon saw.

sorption nta

Fizkolloidnaya Science News for KIDS (ACT) muaj xws li ib tug seem hais txog qhov sorption dab. Adsorption - ib tug txheej txheem ntawm txawj hloov nyob rau hauv tus nto txheej ntawm tshuaj concentration nrog rau lawv tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub theem volume.

Lub adsorbent yog ib yam khoom uas uas yog nqa rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nag lossis daus. Adsorbate - ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm deposition. Adsorbate - precipitated khoom. Desorption - ib tug rov qab txheej txheem ntawm adsorption.

hom sorption

Xib Fwb fizkolloidnoy Science News for KIDS hais txog ob hom ntawm adsorption. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cev vapor deposition yog ib tug faib ntawm ib tug me nyuam npaum li cas ntawm lub zog uas yog piv nrog tshav kub ntawm cov hws. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog reversible. Qhov no adsorption txo qhov kub thiab txias nce tsub kom cov kev ceev ntawm qhov rov qab txheej txheem (desorption).

Cov tshuaj adsorption yog irreversible embodiment, ntawm tus nto tawm hauv tsis muaj adsorbate thiab ib tug saum npoo compound. Nyob rau hauv chemisorption tshav kub siab heev, nws yog commensurate nrog qhov luaj li cas ntawm tus txheej txheem enthalpy ntawm tsim. Nrog ua kub tsub kom chemisorption index tsub kom kev sis raug zoo ntawm tshuaj.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv peb hais lub adsorption ntawm oxygen chemisorption ntawm cov hlau nto los ntawm cov huab cua, nws examines fizkolloidnaya Science News for KIDS. Cov kev pab raws qib thiab cov kev daws yog feem ntau txuam nrog nro nqi txiav txim uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov interface ntawm ob xov xwm.

Yuav kom quantitatively piav qhia txog lub pronounced adsorption, siv tsis adsorption. Nws qhia tus nqi ntawm lub adsorbate (nyob rau hauv mol) ib chav tsev cheeb tsam coj adsorbent. Nyob rau hauv fizkolloidnoy Science News for KIDS npaj muaj xws li ntau kev txiav txim ntawm cov nqi no.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm adsorbents

Lub cev thiab colloid Science News for KIDS them tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau lub tsom xam ntawm hom ntawm adsorbents thiab lawv ua daim ntawv thov. Nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm lub adsorbent nto, tejzaum nws txawv cov nqi ntawm cov adsorbed tshuaj. Cov feem ntau tsim adsorbents nrhiav tshuaj muaj ib tug tsim nto: colloids, hmoov, ntxeem tau reagents.

Raws li qhov yooj yim ntau yam ntxwv ntawm adsorbents paim kev deg hauv cheeb tsam thiab porosity. Tus thawj muaj nuj nqis qhia tus piv ntawm tus luj ntawm lub adsorbent nto. Qhov thib ob yam ntxwv assumes yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov qauv.

Nyob rau hauv colloid Science News for KIDS qhov txawv ob hom adsorbents. Tsis-ntxeem tau tshuaj tsim los ntawm cov khoom hais txog txoj kev ua ib tug ntxeem tau qauv "hmoov diaphragm" nrog tuab packing. Raws li ntev Team sib nruab nrab ntawm lawv ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov nplej ntawm substance. Tus qauv yuav tsum micro- los yog macroporous qauv. Ntxeem tau adsorbents yog lug uas yog tsim los ntawm cov grains muaj internal porosity.

Nyob rau hauv lub cev Science News for KIDS tsom rua lub characterization ntawm ntxhib systems. Lawv yog cov hmoov compositions uas tsim los ntawm cov nplej los yog hmoov nyob rau hauv lub pressing ntawm lawv tuab packing nyob rau hauv lub raj. Cov uas ua systems muaj tej yam thermodynamic yam ntxwv, txoj kev tshawb ntawm uas yog lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm fizkolloidnoy Science News for KIDS.

Muaj cov txheej txheem tsev (noj mus rau hauv tus account lub qhov xwm ntawm tus adsorptive) nyob rau ionic, molecular, colloidal adsorption. Molecular txheej txheem txuam nrog daws ntawm muaj zog electrolytes los yog dielectrics. Nws tshwm sim adsorption ntawm solutes rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub khoom adsorbent.

Part ntawm lub active qhov chaw hauv adsorbent nto nyob los ntawm cov kuab molecules. Nrog rau cov zaj uas lub deposition txheej txheem thiab cov adsorptive kuab molecules ua cov neeg sib tw.

xaus

Lub cev thiab colloid Science News for KIDS yog ib qho tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm Science News for KIDS. Lawv piav txog qhov yooj yim dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem cia suav ntau ntawm tshav kub tawm txim liab (absorbed) nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tshiab tshuaj. Cov yooj yim kev cai lij choj siv mus nqa tawm ntau suav, yog cov kev cai lij choj ntawm Hess. Nws txuas ob peb thermodynamic yam ntxwv xam qhovkev tshuaj: enthalpy, entropy, lub zog. Lub thermodynamic txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm complex tebchaw los ntawm tej yam yooj yim (xub pib) Cheebtsam yuav muab suav hais tias raws li txoj cai Hess. Cov suav ua rau nws tau los mus txiav txim lub efficiency ntawm tus txheej txheem.