Pituitary: cov tshuaj hormones thiab muaj nuj nqi. Lub pituitary caj pas thiab nws txoj kev ua nyob rau hauv lub cev

Pituitary (pituitary caj pas los yog tsawg appendage hlwb) - yog ib tug endocrine hloov khoom nruab nrog, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hlwb. Dua, nyob rau hauv qab nto ntawd, ib lub hnab tshos nyob rau hauv cov pob txha, uas yog hu ua lub Turkish eeb. Qhov no hlau nyob rau hauv tug txiv neej ib tug heev me me luaj li cas ntawm hais txog ib tug noob taum yog ib tug yeej tsim uas tsuas 0.5 c. Tab sis txawm xws li ib tug me me luaj li cas, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ua los ntawm cov pituitary caj pas, yog enormous.

Lub pituitary caj pas. Cov tshuaj hormones thiab muaj nuj nqi

Qhov no me me caj pas yog tus thawj xib fwb hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm peb tag nrho endocrine system. Cov tshuaj hormones hais tias nws ua, muaj kev cuam tshuam cov nram qab no lub cev functions:

• tu tub tu kiv;
• metabolism;
• txoj kev loj hlob.

Muaj nuj nqi thiab pituitary cov tshuaj hormones hais tias nws ua, yog zoo txuas. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom ntxaws soj ntsuam qhov teeb meem no, xav kom pib lub tsev no endocrine caj pas.

Lub pituitary caj pas. Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub pituitary

Nws muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw: rau pem hauv ntej, rear thiab intermediate, uas txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm thiab kev teeb tsa. Lub pituitary caj pas pib tsim nyob rau hauv lub embryo ntawm 4-5 lub lim piam ntawm me nyuam hauv plab kev loj hlob. Anterior lobe ntawm nws epithelial nto tsim los ntawm ib tug rear phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, qhov thiaj li hu ua Rathke lub hnab, raws li ib tug me me elongated outgrowth. Thaum lub sij hawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, nws hlob nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov diencephalon.

Posterior lobe tsim me ntsis tom qab tshaj rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub diencephalon tshee ntaub so ntswg, qhov twg cov feem thiab tuaj koom. Tseem tom qab tsim thiab lub intermediate lobe ntawm lub pituitary. Nws muaj ib tug nyias txheej ntawm lub hlwb. Tag nrho peb pituitary no yeej tseem zoo cais secretory qog, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv ua nws tus kheej cov tshuaj hormones. Lub pituitary caj pas (cov tshuaj hormones thiab muaj nuj nqi) yuav siv sij hawm ib tug zoo feem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov endocrine system txiv neej.

Prehypophysis

Qhov no feem yog hu ua tus adenohypophysis thiab lub ib thooj ntawm cov prostate (70%). Nws muaj ntau hom endocrine caj pas hlwb. Txhua yam ntawm cell uas ua nws feem ntawm cov hormone. Cov endocrine hlwb hu ua adenocytes. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm adenocytes: chromophilic thiab chromophobe, cov neeg thiab lwm yam tshuaj hormones yog tsim:

• Thyroid stimulating lawm (TSH) - lub luag hauj lwm rau lub secretory kev ua si ntawm lub qog caj pas.
• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - nkoos adrenal cortex.
• Gonadotropic cov tshuaj hormones, uas muaj xws li follicle stimulating thiab luteinizing cov tshuaj hormones (FSH, LH), lub luag hauj lwm rau cov me nyuam muaj nuj nqi.
• Kev loj hlob hormone (GH) - lub luag hauj lwm rau txoj kev loj hlob, nws nkoos decomposition roj, protein synthesis nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab lub tsim ntawm qabzib.
• Luteotrophic lawm los yog prolactin, uas regulates qhov muaj peev xwm saib xyuas rau cov me nyuam, lactation, metabolism thiab kev loj hlob muaj dab.

Pituitary cov tshuaj hormones - lawv physiological luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog enormous.

somatotropin

Kev loj hlob hormone (los yog HGH) yog ua tsis tas li muab pov nws tshwm sim xwb 3-4 zaug ib hnub twg. Nws secretion nce markedly thaum lub sij hawm pw tsaug zog, nrog hnyav lub cev tom thiab thaum lub sij hawm yoo mov. Kev loj hlob ntawm no lawm yog khaws cia thoob plaws ib tug tib neeg lub neej, tab sis yog zoo heev txo nrog lub hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob hormone nyob rau hauv lub hlwb cleaves nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm somatomedins ua nyob rau hauv lub siab, muaj zog cell division thiab protein synthesis, yog li pob txha loj hlob tshwm sim.

Yog hais tias lub synthesis ntawm kev loj hlob lawm, txawm yog vim li cas, yog tsis txaus, nws muaj dwarfism. Wherein tag nrho cov proportions yog muab lub cev, lub cev, feem ntau yog dab tsi. Yog li, cov tsis ua hauj ntawm tus pituitary caj pas ncaj qha muaj feem xyuam rau lub qhov siab ntawm tus neeg.

Ntev secretion ntawm kev loj hlob lawm ua gigantism. Yog hais tias hypersecretion tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum yau, tag nrho cov proportions ntawm lub cev yog muab, thiab nyob rau hauv adulthood enhanced lawm nws ua rau acromegaly. Nws zoo nkaus li disproportionate lengthening nqua, ua rau lub qhov ntswg thiab lub puab tsaig, raws li zoo raws li cov lus thiab tag nrho digestive kabmob.

Thyroid stimulating lawm (TSH)

Qhov no lawm regulates cov kev ua ntawm cov thyroid caj pas. Nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv muaj secretion ntawm triiodothyronine thiab thyroxine. Nws activates lub enzyme adenylate cyclase, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov uptake ntawm iodine cov thyroid hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm TSH yog ua protein metabolism: zog zus tau tej nucleic acid thiab protein synthesis, enhanced loj hlob thiab muaj zog loj ntawm lub qog hlwb.

Synthesis TTG tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv tus ntawm txias. Lub tshuaj tiv thaiv tsub kom zus tau tej cov thyroid hormones, nws leads mus rau ntau dua tsim ntawm lub cev thaum tshav kub kub. Glucocorticoids yuav inhibit zus tau tej cov TSH, tib yam li muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tshuaj loog, mob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog kev raug mob.

Ntev secretion ntawm TSH yog manifested soj ntsuam cov tsos mob ntawm hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism).

Adenokortikotropny hormone

ACTH yog tsim tusyees thoob plaws hauv lub hnub. Qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration yog nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov los ntawm 6,00 mus 8.00 teev, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus - nyob rau hauv rau yav tsaus ntuj ntawm 18.00 mus 23,00. ACTH regulates lub synthesis ntawm corticosteroids, uas yog tso tawm los ntawm lub hlwb ntawm adrenal cortex. Lub secretion ntawm corticosteroids tsub kom nyob rau hauv muaj zog lub siab lub ntsws lub xeev xws li kev ntshai, chim siab, mob kev nyuab siab. Yog li, ACTH ncaj qha muaj feem xyuam rau lub siab ntsws tshuav nyiaj li cas tib neeg. Ib yam li ntawd ACTH synthesis yog kho kom zoo los ntawm muaj zog tshua ntawm txias thiab kev mob, mob lub cev kev nyuaj siab. Hypoglycemia kuj nkoos ACTH lawm.

Ntev secretion ntawm no lawm tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug pituitary adenoma, tus kab mob no yog hu ua pituitary Cushing tus. Nws ces yog: tawg, rog, thiab lub cev muaj roj accumulates nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab lub ntsej muag, thiab cov kev nqua yog dab tsi, ua lub concentration ntawm qab zib nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, tsis tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv.

Tsis txaus zus tau tej cov ACTH ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm glucocorticoids thiab no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog qhia metabolism thiab tsis endurance txhaum kab mob rau tej influences.

gonadotrophin

Lawv saib xyuas cov hauj lwm ntawm lub gonads ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, follikulotropin cov poj niam nkoos tsim ntawm hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub zes qe menyuam. Tus txiv neej ib nrab ntawm daim card cawv rau prostate loj hlob thiab spermatogenesis (tsim ntawm cov phev).

Lyuteoptropin regulates zus tau tej cov androgens - txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones (testosterone, androstenedione, thiab li ntawd.) Thiab cov tshuaj no - poj niam cov tshuaj hormones (estriol, estradiol, thiab lwm tus neeg.).

Yog li, lub pituitary caj pas thiab nws cov tshuaj hormones yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov kabmob.

Posterior lobe ntawm lub pituitary caj pas

Posterior lobe ntawm lub pituitary neurohypophysis yog hu ua, nws yog tsim los ntawm epidermal hlwb, hu ua pituitary hlwb. Neurohypophysis, raws li zoo raws li lub anterior pituitary ua cov tshuaj hormones. Cov tshuaj hormones ntawm lub posterior pituitary:

• oxytocin;
• vasopressin;
• asparototsin;
• vasotocin;
• glumitotsin;
• valitotsin;
• izototsin;
• mezototsin.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones ua lawv cov kev khiav dej num nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Wb tham txog tej lawv nyias.

oxytocin

Piv txwv li, lub hormone oxytocin muaj feem xyuam rau lub uterine nqaij thaum lub sij hawm yog tau me nyuam. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cell week yog tshwj xeeb receptors rhiab rau oxytocin. Thaum lub sij hawm uas cev xeeb tub, qhov no lawm tsis nce mus rau ib theem uas yuav ua rau uterine contractions. Cia li ua ntej yug tus me nyuam lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov poj niam lawm estrogen tsub kom lub Translation rau oxytocin thiab yug menyuam tshwm sim. Nws kuj ua tau ib txo nyob rau hauv lub myoepithelial hlwb uas kab mammary caj pas uas nkoos zus tau tej cov mis nyuj.

Cov nyhuv ntawm oxytocin rau cov txiv neej lub cev tsis zoo to taub. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws muaj peev xwm los txhawb kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plab hnyuv phab ntsa, pancreas thiab zais zis.

Vasopressin (ADH)

Vasopressin (kuj hu ua antidiuretic lawm - ADH) ua ob zog nyob rau hauv lub cev. Nws muaj antidiuretic txiav txim, i.e. tej dej reabsorption nyob rau hauv lub sau ducts ntawm ob lub raum thiab, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov arteriolar tus musculature (fine cov hlab ntsha extending los ntawm cov hlab ntsha), i.e. Nws yog tau nqaim lawv lumen. Lub physiological concentration ntawm qhov kev txiav txim tsis ua ib tug tseem ceeb ntxim rau cov kab mob thiab, nyob rau hauv pharmacological koob tshuaj thaum muab ADH semi-ntshiab daim ntawv arterioles considerably roj, uas ua rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv siab.

Yog li, posterior pituitary cov tshuaj hormones thaum lawv yuav tau mus ua tsis txaus txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntshav qab zib insipidus (antidiuretic txiav txim) nyob rau hauv uas ib hnub twg tej zaum yuav poob mus rau 15 litres ntawm cov kua (zis tso zis ua ke). Qhov no tsis yuav tsum tau pheej Iwj. Cov neeg uas muaj mob ntshav qab zib insipidus muaj qhov nqhis dej.

Lub intermediate lobe ntawm lub pituitary

Interim qhia kuj ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, piv txwv li, cov muaj xws li melanostimuliruyuschy lawm, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tawv nqaij thiab cov plaub hau xim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv tsim cov xim melanin, uas plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub haiv neeg yog leejtwg tiag.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm pituitary cov tshuaj hormones

Pituitary (cov tshuaj hormones thiab nws functions piav saum toj no) ua hauj lwm ua ke nrog rau cov hypothalamus (Department of diencephalon), precisely ntau, nws neurosecretory nuclei. Ua ke lawv rau hypothalamo-pituitary system. Nws ntawm lwm yam uas lub lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov peripheral endocrine qog. Kev ua txhaum ntawm pituitary muaj nuj nqi (hormonal ntshawv siab) ua rau yus loj txim. Cov teeb meem muab kev koom tes endocrinologist.

Lub pituitary caj pas thiab nws txoj kev ua nyob rau hauv lub cev yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Lawv txiav txim seb cov lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab.

Cov kab mob thiab Pathology

Thaum muaj teeb meem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug me me endocrine caj pas yog lub pituitary hormone thiab nws cov kev khiav dej num tsis ua hauj lwm kom zoo, thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj peev xwm tsim teeb meem loj cov kab mob:

• acromegaly;
• gigantism;
• mob ntshav qab zib insipidus;
• pituitary hypothyroidism los yog hyperthyroidism;
• pituitary hypogonadism;
• hyperprolactinemia;
• pituitary dwarfism;
• Cushing tus kab mob;
• Sheehan lub syndrome.

Tej cov kab mob yuav tshwm sim yog hais tias tus pituitary caj pas yog tsis tsim ib yam tshuaj, los yog ib ob peb, los yog, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, cov ntshav ntws dhau ntau yam ntawm lawv. Muaj nuj nqi thiab pituitary cov tshuaj hormones rau lub cev yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Lawv ua txhaum yuav ua rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm pathologies uas yuav tsum tau ib tug loj mus kom ze thiab feem ntau yuav tsum tau yam tshuaj kho.