Poov tshuaj nta. poov tshuaj qauv. tebchaw poov tshuaj

Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav tsum tau muab ib tug piav qhia ntawm poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm physics thiab Science News for KIDS. Tus thawj ntawm cov sciences kawm txhua yam khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm. Ib tug thib ob - lawv sis raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam - qhov no Science News for KIDS. Poov tshuaj - on account ntawm lub puas tawm caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Nws belongs rau lub alkali hlau. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav muab suav hais tias thiab E cov mis poov tshuaj, thiab nws tus cwj pwm nrog lwm yam, thiab hais txog. D. Nws yog ib qho ntawm feem active hlau. Cov science uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev kawm txog qhov no thiab lwm yam hais - Science News for KIDS. Qib 8 muaj xws li kev kawm txog cov inorganic tshuaj thiab lawv lub zog. Yog li ntawd, qhov no tsab xov xwm yuav pab tau rau menyuam kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd cia tus pib.

poov tshuaj nta los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm physicists

Qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev. Melting point rau caum peb degrees Celsius. Boiling tib yam kom nquag plias hlau thaum kub nce mus txog xya puas rau caum-ib degrees Celsius. Cov kev kawm teeb meem muaj ib tug silvery-dawb xim. Nws muaj ib tug nws yog xim hlau ci. poov tshuaj ceev yog yim caum-rau hundredths grams ib nyhav centimeter. Qhov no yog ib tug heev sib hlau. poov tshuaj mis yog heev yooj yim - nws tsis tsim molecules. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj atoms uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob ze rau txhua lwm yam thiab muaj ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Poov tshuaj atomic loj sib npaug zos rau peb caug-cuaj grams tauj ib tias. Nws hardness yog heev tsawg - nws yuav muab tau yooj yim txiav nrog ib tug riam, zoo li cheese.

Poov tshuaj thiab Science News for KIDS

Yuav pib nrog, lub poov tshuaj - tshuaj caij uas muaj ib tug heev tshuaj ua si. Txawm cia nws tawm sab nraud yog tsis yooj yim sua, raws li nws tam sim ntawd pib hnov mob nrog cov surrounding tshuaj. Poov tshuaj - tshuaj caij uas belongs rau lub thawj pab pawg neeg thiab cov plaub lub sij hawm ntawm lub periodic rooj. Nws muaj tag nrho cov khoom uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau.

Sis nrog tej yam yooj yim tshuaj

Cov no muaj xws oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens (iodine, fluorine, tshuaj chlorine ua, bromine). Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, xav txog poov tshuaj sis raug zoo nrog txhua yam ntawm lawv. Sis nrog rau oxygen yog hu ua oxidation. Thaum lub sij hawm no tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kov Pa thiab poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug hniav puas piv ntawm plaub qhov chaw rau ib qho, ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov hlau oxide nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob qhov chaw. Qhov no tiv thaiv yuav yuav qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: 4K + O2 = 2K2O. Thaum poov tshuaj combustion yuav soj ntsuam ib tug kaj violet nplaim taws. Yog li ntawd, qhov no tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pom tias zoo rau potassium kev txiav txim. Tshua nrog halogens muaj npe raws li cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj hais: nws yog iodized, fluorination, chlorination, bromination. Cov kev sib tshuam tej zaum yuav hais tsis tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txij li thaum atoms ntawm cov ob tug sib txawv tshuaj uas ua ke rau ib tug. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug txheej txheem yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab poov tshuaj, uas raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau chloride tsim. Rau nqa tawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum noj cov ob lub Cheebtsam - ob moles ntawm tus thawj thiab ib tug thib ob. Cov no ob moles ntawm ib tug poov tshuaj compound. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhia los ntawm no kab zauv: 2K + = SІ2 2KSІ. Txij li thaum nitrogen yuav muab poov tshuaj tebchaw thaum lub sij hawm combustion nyob rau hauv lub qhib cua. Thaum lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kov cov co thiab nitrogen nyob rau hauv ib tug hniav puas piv ntawm ib tug mus rau qhov chaw, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no sis, ib tug nitride poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob qhov chaw. Qhov no yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: 6K + N2 = 2K3N. Qhov no compound yog ib tug siv lead ua-ntsuab dub. Nrog xav phosphorus hlau yog reacted raws li cov ntsiab cai tib yam. Yog hais tias peb coj peb moles ntawm poov tshuaj ib tus nas ntawm phosphorus ib lub tias tau phosphide. Qhov no tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yuav sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: P = 3K + K3R. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, poov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog hydrogen, li no txoj kev ua ib hydride. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib kab zauv yuav muab ua piv txwv: 2 K + H2 = 2 KN. Tag nrho cov coupling cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xwb no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm kev kub muaj peevxwm.

Sis nrog complex tshuaj

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Science News for KIDS thiab yuav saib xyuas ntawm lub npe. By nyuaj tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog poov tshuaj yog dej, kua qaub, ntsev, oxides. Nrog rau tag nrho ntawm lawv suav hais tias yog hlau reacts txawv.

Poov tshuaj thiab dej

Qhov no tshuaj caij reacts zog nrog nws. Qhov no tas ib hydroxide thiab hydrogen. Yog hais tias peb coj ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj thiab dej, ces peb tau txais tus nqi qub ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab ib lub tias ntawm hydrogen. Qhov no tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yuav qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: 2H2O = 2K + 2KOH = H2.

Tshua nrog acids

Txij li thaum poov tshuaj - ib tug active hlau, nws yog yooj yim displaces lub atoms ntawm Hydrogen los ntawm lawv cov tebchaw. Ib qho piv txwv yuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm lub substance nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas thiab hydrochloric acid. Rau nws cov kev siv yuav tsum noj ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj, thiab cov acid nyob rau hauv tib tus nqi. Cov no ib tug poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb - ob moles ntawm hydrogen thiab - ib tug mol. Qhov no txoj kev yuav tsum muab sau rau hauv xws li kab zauv: 2K + 2NSІ 2KSІ = + H2.

Thiab poov tshuaj oxides

Los ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm inorganic tebchaw ntawm lub co xwb hnov mob nrog ntau yam pauv loj cua kub. Yog hais tias cov hlau atom constituting lub oxide passive tas li ntawd, peb yuav tau tham txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, muaj, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov kev pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb coj ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj ib tus nas ntawm Cuprum oxide raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov kev sib tshuam yuav npaj los ntawm ib tug tias ntawm qhov suav hais tias tshuaj caij oxide thiab ntshiab cuprum. Qhov no yuav tsum tau qhia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm no kab zauv: 2K + CuO = K2O + Cu. Qhov no yog qhov twg lub tso rau neeg ib tug muaj zog txo thaj chaw ntawm poov tshuaj.

Sis nrog bases

Poov tshuaj muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog hlau hydroxides, uas yog nyob rau ntawm sab xis ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series ua si. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no kuj qhia nws kom txhob muaj zog. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb coj ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj ib tus nas ntawm barium hydroxide, lub resulting hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv peb tau tshuaj xws li poov tshuaj hydroxide nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob moles thiab ntshiab barium (tias) - nws precipitates. Sawv cev los ntawm cov tshuaj sis yuav mapped los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: 2K + kav ywm (OH) = 2 2KOH + kav ywm.

Tshua nrog ntsev

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, poov tshuaj, tseem nws ua nws cov khoom raws li ib tug muaj zog txo neeg sawv cev. Hloov atoms yog sib ntau passive hais, nws tso cai rau kom muab tau ib tug dawb huv hlau. Piv txwv li, thaum ntxiv rau txhuas chloride nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm ob moles ntawm peb moles ntawm poov tshuaj, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tau peb moles ntawm poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb thiab ob moles ntawm txhuas. Yuav kom qhia tus txheej txheem no los ntawm cov kab zauv raws li nram no: 3K + + 2AІSІ3 = 3KSІ2 2AІ.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub sibhawm

Yog hais tias muab poov tshuaj rau tej organic khoom siv ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, nws kuj tshem ib yam ntawm Hydrogen atoms. Piv txwv li, los ntawm nws cov hlau nrog rau cov kev kawm stearin poov tshuaj stearate thiab tsim hydrogen. Cov uas ua cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muab siv rau zus tau tej cov kua xab npum. Thaum no cov yam ntxwv ntawm poov tshuaj thiab nws cov kev sib tshuam nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj finishes.

Kev siv cov poov tshuaj tebchaw thiab

Zoo li tag nrho cov co xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog yuav tsum tau rau ntau dab nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Lub ntsiab siv ntawm poov tshuaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Vim nws cov high reactivity, lub alkali hlau thiab cov lus hais rau reductive zog, nws yog siv raws li ib tug reagent rau ntau cov kev sib tshuam thiab zus tau tej cov ntau yam tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm poov tshuaj alloys yog siv raws li coolants nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors. Tsis tas li ntawd xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, cov hlau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, nws yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm chiv rau nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm industries. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub extraction ntawm kub poov tshuaj cyanide yog siv, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug reagent rau rov qab los ntawm cov nqi co ntawm ores. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm lub khob siv poov tshuaj carbonate. Phosphates xam tau tias yog tshuaj lom neeg hais yog Cheebtsam ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm tu neeg thiab hmoov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntais ntawv ib tug muab hlau chlorate yog tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm films siv rau cov laus lub koob yees duab bromide ntawm lub caij. Raws li koj twb paub tias, nws yog ua tau kom tau los ntawm bromination ntawm poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv kub tej kev kawm. Cov tshuaj siv chloride ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes txiav txim siab - stearate thiab lwm yam derivatives ntawm cov rog.

Kev npaj ntawm cov hlau

Niaj hnub no poov tshuaj mined nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab txoj kev. Keeb kwm - es nws los ntawm sodium hydroxide, uas yog ntau sib active tshaj poov tshuaj. Ib tug thib ob - muab nws los ntawm chloride, kuj ntawm lub sodium. Yog hais tias ntxiv rau ib tug tias ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide li sodium yog tsim rau ib tus nas ntawm sodium hydroxide thiab ntshiab poov tshuaj. Cov kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no: Koh + Na = NaOH + C. Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub thib ob hom yuav tsum tau tov ntawm cov hlau chloride thiab sodium nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos hniav puas proportions. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, li no tsim raws li chav ua noj ntsev thiab poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tib lub ratio. Yuav kom qhia no tshuaj sis yog tau ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no kab zauv: KSІ + Na = NaCl + K.

Tus qauv ntawm lub poov tshuaj

Atom ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho lwm leej lwm tus, muaj ib tug tub ntxhais uas muaj protons thiab neutrons thiab electrons, uas tig ib ncig ntawm nws. Tus nab npawb ntawm electrons yog yeej ib txwm sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm protons uas yog nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Yog hais tias tej electron xoob los yog koom nrog cov atom, ces nws tsis tu tsis tseg yuav tsis thiab yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qho ion. Lawv yog cov ntawm ob hom: cov cations thiab anions. Thawj muaj ib tug zoo xwb, thiab lub thib ob - tsis muaj. Yog hais tias koom rau hauv lub atom lub electron, nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qho anion, thiab yog hais tias ib yam ntawm cov electrons tshuav nws orbit, ib tug nruab nrab atom ua ib tug ntawv. Txij li thaum poov tshuaj ordinal tooj rooj raws li Mendeleev, kaum cuaj, thiab cov protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm cov tshuaj caij yog tib yam. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav xaus uas lub electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb pov tseg kaum cuaj. Tus nab npawb ntawm protons, atom muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm subtracting los ntawm lub atomic loj ordinal tooj ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij. Yog li ntawd peb yuav xaus uas muaj nees nkaum ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm poov tshuaj. Raws li xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, cov hlau belongs rau lub plaub lub sij hawm, nws muaj plaub orbits, nyob rau hauv uas lub electrons, uas yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab cov txheej txheem ntawm uniformly. poov tshuaj tswvyim yog raws li nram no: tus thawj orbit muaj ob tug electron, lub thib ob - yim; raws li zoo raws li lub thib peb, thaum kawg, plaub, lub orbit rotates tsuas yog ib qho electron. Qhov no piav txog cov theem siab ntawm tshuaj ua si los ntawm cov hlau - nws kawg orbit yog tsis tau kiag li lawm ua tus sau, yog li nws yuav sib zog txuas nrog lwm yam atoms, ua lawv electrons yav tas los orbits ua ntau.

Kuv yuav nrhiav tau qhov no caij nyob rau hauv cov xwm?

Txij li thaum nws muaj ib tug tsis tshua muaj high tshuaj ua si rau lub ntiaj chaw nws yeej tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab lub xeev. Nws yuav tsuas yuav pom raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm tebchaw. Pawg feem ntawm poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog 2.4 feem pua. Feem ntau cov zaub mov, uas muaj xws li poov tshuaj, - nws Salvini thiab carnallite. Tus thawj muaj cov nram qab tshuaj mis: NaCl • KCl. Nws muaj variegated xim thiab yog li ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm muaju ntawm ntau yam xim. Nyob ntawm seb tus piv ntawm poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb thiab sodium, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm impurities, tej zaum nws yuav muaj liab, xiav, liab, txiv kab ntxwv Cheebtsam. Qhov thib ob mineral - carnallite - zoo li ib tug pob tshab, daj xiav, daj liab los yog daj ntseg-daj muaju. Nws tshuaj mis yog raws li nram no: KCl • MgCl2 • 6H2O. Nws yog ib tug crystalline hydrate.

Luag hauj lwm ntawm poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cev, tsis muaj cov tsos mob thiab tshaj

Nws, nrog rau sodium txhawb lub dej-ntsev nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kis ntawm cov hlab impulse ntawm lub week. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws regulates lub acid-alkaline tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab tag nrho cov kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nws koom nyob rau hauv lub metabolism, tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm edema, ib feem ntawm cov cytoplasm - kwv yees li tsib caug feem pua ntawm nws cov - ntsev ntawm cov hlau. Lub ntsiab indications uas lub cev tsis muaj poov tshuaj yog o, tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob xws li hydrocephalus, irritability thiab teeb nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb, inhibition cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab nco puas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tsis txaus tus nqi ntawm cov kab keeb adversely muaj feem xyuam rau lub plawv thiab npag systems. Poov tshuaj tsis muaj peev xwm rau ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm yuav ua rau koj lub plawv nres los yog hlab ntsha tawg. Tab sis vim yog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm potassium nyob rau hauv lub cev tej zaum yuav tsim plab hnyuv ulcers. Yuav kom sib npaug nws lub hwj chim thiaj li tau txais ib tug ib txwm nqi ntawm poov tshuaj, nws yog tsim nyog los paub nyob rau hauv dab tsi cov khoom nws muaj.

Khoom noj khoom haus nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab keeb nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ceev, xws li cashews, walnuts, hazelnuts, txiv laum huab xeeb, almonds. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug loj npaum li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub qos yaj ywm. Ntxiv mus, poov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv qhuav txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li raisins, qhuav apricots, prunes. Nplua nuj nyob hauv no lub caij, thiab ntoo thuv ceev. Tsis tas li ntawd, END cai nyob rau hauv legumes: taum, taum mog, lentils. Laminaria kuj nplua nuj tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb. Tseem lwm yam khoom uas muaj active caij nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas, yog cov tshuaj yej ntsuab thiab cocoa. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug siab concentration thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv ntau txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li avocados, txiv tsawb, txiv duaj, txiv kab ntxwv, grapefruits, apples. Muaj ntau cereals yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kab keeb nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas. Qhov no yog feem ntau barley thiab hom qoob mog thiab buckwheat. Nyob rau hauv zaub txhwb qaib thiab zaub pob qe kuj muaj ib tug ntau ntawm poov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog pom nyob rau hauv carrots thiab melon. Dos thiab qej muaj ib tug txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm qhov suav hais tias tshuaj caij. Qe, mis nyuj thiab cheese kuj yog muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm poov tshuaj. Txhua hnub norm ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij mus rau lub nruab nrab tib neeg yog los ntawm peb mus rau tsib grams.

xaus

Tom qab nyeem ntawv no tsab xov xwm, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias poov tshuaj yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj caij. Nws yog tsim nyog los ua ke ntau tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Kuj siv nyob rau hauv ntau ntau lwm yam industries. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg lub cev, yog li yuav tsum tsis tu ncua thiab nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau npaum li cas yuav ua li cas cov zaub mov.