Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen. Zog thiab kev siv cov hydrogen

Hydrogen H - tshuaj caij, ib qho ntawm feem ntau nyob rau hauv peb ntug. loj ntawm hydrogen li ib tug keeb nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm teeb meem yog 75% ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm atoms ntawm lwm hom. Nws nkag mus rau hauv feem ntau tseem ceeb heev thiab tseem ceeb heev kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub ntiaj chaw - cov dej. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm hydrogen kuj yog ib tug qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog tus thawj lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj ntawm tshuaj ntsiab D. I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery thiab kev tshawb fawb

Tus thawj mention ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm Paracelsus hnub rov qab mus rau lub thib kaum rau caug xyoo. Tab sis nws rho tawm los ntawm ib tug roj sib tov ntawm huab cua thiab cov cov khoom kev tshawb fawb tau tau nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua zaum Lemaire. Hydrogen kom huv si kawm lus Askiv chemist thiab physicist paub txog Henry Cavendish, uas empirically muaj pov thawj hais tias tus loj ntawm Hydrogen qis tshaj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov roj cua. Nyob rau hauv tom qab ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science, muaj ntau zaum ua hauj lwm nrog nws, xws li Lavoisier, uas hu ua nws "generated dej."

Feature ntawm qhov teeb meem PSKHE

Caij, qhib lub periodic rooj D. I. Mendeleeva - yog hydrogen. Lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub atom muaj tej yam duality vim hais tias Hydrogen ib txhij yuav mus rau thawj pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg, yog hais tias nws behaves raws li ib tug hlau thiab muab ib electron nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub xya - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kiag li lawm ua tus sau valence plhaub, i.e. lub txais tos tsis zoo hais, uas characterizes nws raws li zoo li ib tug halogen.

Nta ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob qauv ntawm lub caij

Cov khoom ntawm lub hydrogen atom ntawm complex tshuaj uas nws muaj, thiab ib tug yooj yim tshuaj ntawm N ₂ yog feem ntau txiav txim los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob configuration ntawm Hydrogen. Lub particle muaj ib tug electron nrog Z = (-1), uas rotates nyob rau hauv nws orbit nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb uas muaj ib tug proton nrog ib chav tsev loj thiab zoo xwb (+1). Nws hluav taws xob configuration 1s kaw li ^1, uas qhia rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug tsis zoo particle nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej rau cov thawj zaug thiab tsuas ntawm Hydrogen s-orbitals.

Thaum rho tawm los yog recoil electron thiab ib tug atom ntawm lub caij muaj cov cuab yeej uas nws koom siab ua ke nrog co tau ntawv. Yeej tseem zoo hydrogen ion - yog zoo elementary particle. Yog li ntawd, lub electron devoid ntawm Hydrogen hu ua tsuas yog ib tug proton.

lub zog

Thaum piav txog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen luv luv, nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob, sparingly soluble roj nrog ib tug txheeb ze atomic loj ntawm 2, 14.5 sij hawm sib zog tshaj huab cua, lub liquefaction kub ntawm -252,8 degrees Centigrade.

Nyob rau hauv lub sim, koj yuav tau yooj yim pom tias H ₂ yog ib qho yooj yim. Nws yog txaus rau sau lub peb khoom ntau yam tshuaj - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, feem ntau cua - thiab ib txhij tso lawv los ntawm txhais tes. Tus ceev tshaj ntawd nce mus txog hauv pem teb, uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog CO ₂ tom qab rau cua tshuab cua sib tov muaj H ₂ thiab tag nrho sawv mus rau lub qab nthab.

Ib tug me me qhov hnyav thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm tus hais hydrogen pov thawj nws muaj peev xwm mus txeem los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tib pob nyob rau hauv no yooj yim mus ua ib tug ob peb hnub tom qab nws deflates nws tus kheej raws li tsuas gas yuav kis tau los ntawm cov roj hmab. Tsis tas li ntawd, hydrogen yuav noog nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm tej co (palladium los yog platinum), thiab thaum twg lub kub yog tsa mus rau qhuav ntawm nws.

Khoom hydrogen sparingly siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj rau nws rho tawm txoj kev displace dej. Lub zog ntawm hydrogen (rooj illustrated hauv qab no muaj cov yooj yim tsis) txhais tau nws cov uas duav txhua yam ntawm daim ntawv thov thiab cov hau kev ntawm kev npaj.

Lub isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg

Zoo li ntau lwm mej zeej ntawm lub periodic system ntawm tshuaj hais, Hydrogen muaj ob peb yam ntuj tso isotopes, i.e. atoms nrog tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, tab sis txawv tus xov tooj ntawm neutrons - hais nrog xoom thiab chav tsev xwb loj. Piv txwv ntawm atoms muaj zoo xws li cov khoom vaj tse - oxygen, carbon, tshuaj chlorine ua, bromine thiab cov zoo li, xws li tej.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen ¹ H, feem ntau ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no pab pawg neeg no ho txawv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws Fellows. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov sib txawv nta ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas lawv yuav. Yog li, muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua thiab deuterated dej uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis muaj hydrogen atom nrog tsuas yog ib proton deuterium ² H - isotope nrog ob tug elementary hais: zoo thiab uncharged. Qhov no isotope yog ob lub sij hawm hnyav dua li ib txwm ntawm Hydrogen, uas piav txog qhov siv txawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm lub tebchaw uas lawv tsim. Qhov xwm ntawm tus deuterium pom nyob rau hauv 3200 lub sij hawm rarer tshaj hydrogen. Peb Sawv Cev - tritium, ³ H, nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais nws muaj ob tug proton thiab ib tug neutron.

Txoj kev npaj thiab cais

Kuaj thiab muaj txoj kev uas ua hydrogen yog heev txawv. Yog li, me me ntawm cov roj yog ua los ntawm kev tshua uas minerals, thiab cov loj loj-scale zus tau tej cov nce siv organic synthesis.

Cov nram qab no tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj:

1. Tshua ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co nrog dej rau alkali thiab cov yam roj.
2. Lub electrolysis ntawm ib tug aqueous ntsha daws nyob rau lub anode yog tso tawm H ₂ ↑, thiab cov cathode - oxygen.
3. Decomposition hydrides ntawm alkali hlau nrog dej, alkali thiab cov cov khoom uas, ntsig txog, cov roj H ₂ ↑.
4. Reacting nta acid nrog co tsim ntsev thiab H ₂ ↑.
5. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm alkali rau pob zeb ntais, txhuas thiab zinc tseem muaj txhawb rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv uas tig mus rau tsim txoj ntsev.

Nyob rau hauv industrial cov roj pab tau los ntawm cov kev thaij xwsli:

1. Thermal decomposition ntawm methane nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus rau nws constituent elementary tshuaj (350 degrees nce mus txog tus nqi ntawm xws parameter li kub) - hydrogen H ₂ thiab carbon C. ↑
2. Kis ntawm pa dej los ntawm lub coke ntawm 1000 ° C mus rau daim ntawv carbon dioxide CO ₂ thiab H ₂ ↑ (feem ntau txoj kev).
3. Conversion ntawm methane gas rau lub npib tsib xee catalyst ntawm kub txog li 800 degrees.
4. Hydrogen yog ib tug byproduct thaum lub sij hawm electrolysis ntawm aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb los yog sodium.

Tshuaj kev sib tshuam: general kev cai

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen lom zem ntau piav nws tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv teb dab nrog ib tug compound. Valency ntawm Hydrogen yog 1, txij li thaum nws yog nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg neeg, thiab yuav teev ib tug txawv oxidation lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tebchaw, tsuas yog hydrides, hydrogen sd = (1+) nyob rau hauv molecules yam Cns, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

Ib tug qauv ntawm hydrogen gas, tsim los ntawm kev muab generalized electron khub, muaj li ntawm ob atoms thiab haum ruaj khov energetically, rau qhov no yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob ntau inert nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab nkag mus rau ntawm qub tej yam kev mob hloov. Nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm hydrogen li lwm yam, nws muaj peev xwm pab ob qho tib si raws li ib tug oxidant thiab ib tug reductant.

Cov tshuaj uas hnov mob rau daim hydrogen thiab

Elemental sis tsim tau ib txoj tshuaj (feem ntau ntawm txhawb kub):

1. Lub alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Sulfur + = hydrogen sulfide.
4. Pa + _H2O = dej.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = ammonia.

Sis nrog complex tshuaj:

1. Kev npaj ntawm synthesis roj los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen.
2. Rov qab los ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov oxides nrog H _2.
3. Hydrogen saturation ntawm unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen yog xws li hais tias cia nws, ua nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug electronegative caij, tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb hom kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tib atom ntawm lub nyob ib sab molecules muaj unshared electron officers (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen thiab fluorine). Lub clearest piv txwv ntawm hais tias yog ib tug zoo dua saib qhov no tshwm sim - nws yog dej. Nws yuav hais tias stitched hydrogen bonds yog weaker dua covalent los yog ionic, tab sis vim lub fact tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus - yog lub electrostatic sis, uas binds dej lwg me me mus rau hauv dimers thiab polymers, ua pov thawj rau nws cov high kub point.

Hydrogen nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov mineral tebchaw

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm inorganic acids muaj xws li proton - ntawv atom xws li hydrogen. Substance acid residue uas muaj ib tug degree ntawm oxidation siab tshaj (-1) yog hais tias polybasic compound. Tam sim no muaj ntau ntau hydrogen atoms, uas ua rau lub multistage dissociation nyob rau hauv aqueous daws teeb meem. Txhua tom ntej proton acid residue cais los ntawm nyuab me ntsis. Yamntxwv lub hydrogen cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog txiav txim los ntawm nws acidity.

Hydrogen muaj hydroxyl pab pawg thiab bases. Lawv muaj kev cob cog rau lub hydrogen atom ntawm oxygen, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm lub qhov seem alkali yeej ib txwm sib npaug zos rau (-1). Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw txhais los ntawm nws cov basicity.

Kev siv ntawm tib neeg kev ua si

Thooj Voos Kheej Kheej nrog ib tug yeeb tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li ntim nrog lwm liquefied gases xws li cov pa, muaj ib txog kev zoo li. Lawv tab xim ib tug darkish-ntsuab xim nrog ib tug kaj liab "Hydrogen" lettering. Gas yog txhaj rau hauv lub zais pa ntawm ib tug siab ntawm txog 150 atmospheres. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen, nyob rau hauv particular yooj yim ntawm gaseous sau ua ib pawg xeev thiab yog siv rau cov sau lawv nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm Helium balloons, sounding balloons, etc.

Hydrogen, lub cev, thiab tshuaj zog uas tib neeg tau kawm los siv ntau xyoo dhau los, thaum lub caij muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntau industries. Nws lub ntsiab loj mus rau zus tau tej cov ammonia. Tsis tas li ntawd hydrogen yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hlau (hafnium, germanium, gallium, pob zeb ntais, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, thiab lwm tus) ntawm lub oxides, hais lus nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev thiab ib lub ntsev ntawm hydrocyanic acid, methyl cawv, thiab kuj hluavtaws kua roj. Cov zaub mov kev lag luam yuav siv nws los hloov cov roj zaub rau hauv cov khoom nqaijrog.

Txhais tshuaj zog thiab kev siv cov hydrogen nyob rau hauv ntau yam hydrogenation dab thiab hydrogenation ntawm cov nqaijrog, thee, hydrocarbons, roj thiab hnyav roj roj. Nrog nws ua gems, incandescent, siv forging thiab vuam ntawm hlau cov khoom nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov pa-hydrogen nplaim taws.