Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine. Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm bromine

Ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj hais, uas tsis yog-hlau muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb xov tooj - halogens. Cov atoms tau txais lawv lub npe rau khoom tshwj xeeb uas lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj cov kev sib tshuam. Cov muaj xws li:

• iodine;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro thiab Fluoro - ib tug lom gases, uas muaj muaj zog oxidizing lub hwj chim. Iodine nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog ib tug crystalline tshuaj tsaus liab doog xim nrog nws yog xim hlau ci cov lus hais. Nws exhibits lub zog ntawm ib tug txo neeg sawv cev. Thiab cov plaub zoo li ib tug halo? Yuav ua li cas yog lub thaj chaw ntawm bromine tebchaw tsim los ntawm lawv thiab tus yam ntxwv raws li ib tug keeb, thiab raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj? Sim kom to taub.

Bromine: ib tug general hauj lwm ntawm lub caij

Raws li cov particle ntawm lub periodic system, bromo occupies ib tug cell ib theem zuj zus tooj 35. Raws li, raws li ib feem ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais 35 protons thiab electron plhaub accommodates tib yam pes tsawg tus ntawm electrons. Lub configuration ntawm cov txheej txheej: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab sub-pab pawg neeg yog ib feem ntawm lub halogens - tshwj xeeb thaj chaw ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hais. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj txog 28 ntau hom ntawm atom isotope. Pawg tooj thaj tsam li ntawm 67 mus 94 xyoos Tus sustainability thiab stability raws li prevailing nyob rau hauv qhov feem pua ntawm lawm paub ob:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% ntawm nws;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% ntawm nws.
  

Qhov nruab nrab atomic loj ntawm lub caij yog sib npaug zos rau 79,904 units. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine yog hom twg los ntawm -1 rau +7. Nws exhibits muaj zog oxidizing zog, tab sis ua tsis tau zoo rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab fluorine, iodine surpassing.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Qhib no yog tom qab tshaj lawv lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau hauv lub pab pawg. By lub sij hawm nws twb paub txog cov tshuaj thiab iodine. Leej twg ua no foundations? Koj muaj peev xwm hu rau tam sim ntawd peb cov npe, raws li hais tias yog yuav ua li cas npaum li cas rau zaum twb tau los ua ke yuav luag ib txhij ib tug tshiab lub caij muaj nyob tom qab xam tau tias yog atom. Cov npe yog:

• Antoine Jerome Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Txawm li cas los, cov nom "txiv" yog suav tias yog Balaram, thawj vim nws tsis tsuas yog tau txais thiab tau piav, tab sis kuj yuav xa ib tug scientific rooj sab laj ntawm chemists ib tug tshiab tshuaj, uas yog cov tsis paub lub caij.

Antuan Balar twb researching hiav txwv ntsev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nqa dua nws heev heev tshuaj thwmsim, nws yog ib hnub dhau los ntawm ib tug tov ntawm chloro thiab pom hais tias ib co ntaub ntawv ib tug daj compound. Noj qhov no raws li ib yam khoom ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj thiab iodine nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws twb ntxiv tshawb lub resulting khoom. Raug rau cov nram no kev kho mob:

• Nws ua hauj lwm ether;
• soaked nyob rau hauv poov tshuaj hydroxide ;
• ua pyrolusite;
• Kuv pab nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tau ua volatile brownish-liab kua nrog ib tug unpleasant tsw. Qhov no yog bromine. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ua ib tug faj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm no substance. Tom qab xa ib daim ntawv qhia rau nws, piav lub thaj chaw ntawm bromine. Lub npe, uas tau muab Balaram caij yog murid, tab sis nws tsis lo.

Niaj hnub no lub npe ntawm ib tug bromine atom, uas txhais los ntawm Latin txhais tau tias "tsw", "stinking". Qhov no yog tag nrho paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm nws yooj yim substance. Xyoo ntawm cov lus qhib lub caij - 1825.

Tau degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine

Cov neeg uas koj tau lub npe ob peb tug. Tom qab tag nrho, ua tsaug rau nws cov hluav taws xob configuration, bromine yuav ua tau ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo zog, nrog ib tug meej predominance ntawm cov thawj. Nws muaj tsib tau xaiv yog:

• -1 - qis oxidation degree bromine;
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, ces yuav tsum tsuas yog cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv caij nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis zoo siab. 7 - lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm bromine oxidation. Nws nws teev muaj HBrO ₄ bromic acid thiab bromates nws cov ntsev (NaBrO _4). Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj, raws li zoo raws li ob tug. Tab sis compound nrog -1; 3 thiab 5 - heev heev thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, engineering thiab lwm yam cov nplais ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Bromine raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob rau lub caij hauv tus saib xyuas yog ib tug diatomic molecule, txawm li cas los, yog tsis gas thiab kua. Heev lom, fuming nyob rau hauv huab cua, thiab luam tawm ib tug tsis tshua kaj siab tsw. Txawm khub niam txiv nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj ntau yuav ua rau kub yus ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab voos ntawm cov qog ua kua week ntawm lub cev. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, ntau tshaj qhov muaj cai txwv, nws tseem tau mus txhawm chim thiab kev tuag.

Cov tshuaj mis ntawm ib tug muab kua - Br _2. Nws yog pom tseeb tias lub cim yog tsim los ntawm cov Greek lub npe rau yam khoom - bromos. Kev twb kev txuas ntawm ib atoms, covalent nonpolar. Loj atomic voos kheej-kheej, li ntawd, bromo reacts yooj yim heev. Qhov no ua rau nws tau siv nws dav nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj syntheses, feem ntau raws li ib tug reagent nyob rau hauv lub qhov zoo txiav txim ntawm cov organic tebchaw.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim tshuaj tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm, vim nws yog yooj yim volatilized nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov reddish-xim av pa luam yeeb muaj ib tug corrosive nyhuv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm multi-tivthaiv systems. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine tebchaw ntawm ntau hom nyob rau hauv lub caij uas nws yog hnov mob, i.e. nrog tej substance.

lub zog

Cov yam ntxwv yuav qhia los ntawm ib tug ob peb cov ntsiab lus.

1. Solubility nyob rau hauv dej - nruab nrab, tab sis zoo dua tshaj lwm cov halogens. Nyeem bromine dej tshuaj yog hu ua, nws muaj ib tug reddish xim av xim.
2. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm cov kua - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Cov melting point ntawm -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Cov ntxhiab tsw - ib tug ntse, tsis kaj siab, suffocating.
5. Xim - reddish-xim av.
6. Lub cev lub xeev ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj - ib tug hnyav (kev kub ceev), tuab kua.
7. Electronegativity raws li Pauling scale - 2.8.

Cov yam ntxwv muaj feem xyuam rau cov txheej txheem rau kev npaj no compound, raws li zoo raws li imposing cov nyiaj npaj ua raws li nrog huab ceev faj thaum ua hauj lwm nrog nws.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm bromine

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Science News for KIDS, bromo behaves nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Teev cia thiab oxidizing thiab txo zog. Zoo li tag nrho cov lwm yam ntsiab, nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txais electrons los ntawm qhov tsawg electronegative co thiab nonmetals. Txo neeg sawv cev, nws yog ib tug muaj zog oxidizing agents, xws li:

• oxygen;
• Fluoro;
• chloro;
• ib co acid.

Lawm, lub degree ntawm bromine nyob rau lub oxidation mas nws txawv ntawm -1 rau +7. Los ntawm tej yam uas muaj peev xwm hnov mob lub caij nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas?

1. Nrog dej - cov no ib tug sib xyaw ntawm acids (hydrobromic thiab hypobromous).
2. Muaj ntau yam iodides tau tshem bromo iodo ntawm nws cov ntsev.
3. Nrog rau tag nrho nonmetals ncaj qha dua cov pa, pa roj carbon, nitrogen, thiab noble gases.
4. Luag tag nrho cov co raws li ib tug zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev. Muaj ntau yam twb nrog lub ignition.
5. Nyob rau hauv tshua OVR bromo feem ntau yeej txhawb oxidation ntawm lub tebchaw. Piv txwv li, sulfur thiab sulfite hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv sulfate ions, iodine nyob rau hauv iodides raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj.
6. C tsim alkali bromides, bromates los yog gipobromatov.

Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog bromine tshuaj zog thaum nws yog ib feem ntawm lub acids thiab ntsev tsim los ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm muaj zog heev zog raws li cov oxidant. Nws yog ntau npaum li cas pronounced tshaj hais tias ntawm ib yooj yim substance.

txais tos

Lub fact tias peb xav ib yam khoom tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Science News for KIDS, qhia nws txhua xyoo lawm nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov 550 txhiab tons. Lub teb chaws tus thawj coj rau cov indicators:

• US.
• Tuam Tshoj.
• Ixayees.

Muaj free bromine extraction txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob tshuaj ntsev pas dej, qhov dej thiab seas. Ntawm lawv yog ntsev ntawm yam caij, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv acidic daim ntawv. Nws yog dhau los ntawm ib tug haib cua kwj los yog chav. Yog li ntawd, ib tug gaseous bromine. Ces nws twb kho nrog dej qab zib tshauv thiab ib tug sib tov ntawm sodium ntsev - bromides thiab bromates. Lawv cov tshuaj yog acidified thiab lub qhov hluav taws xob yog free kua tshuaj.

Kuaj cov hau kev rau synthesis raws li lub xaav bromine nrog tshuaj ntsev ntawd raws li muaj zog halogen.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, peb xav ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, raws li nws yog fuming nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm volatile kua. Yeej, ib feem ntawm lub tebchaw uas muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus degree ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine -1. Qhov no ntsev hydrobromic acid - bromides. Ib tug ntau ntawm no lub caij nrog tej yam ntuj tso ntsev tshuaj - Silvina, carnallite, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Minerals ntawm bromine twb qhib tom qab tshaj nws tus kheej. Feem ntau ntawm cov peb:

• Embolism - ib tug sib tov ntawm tshuaj thiab bromine nrog nyiaj;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - sib tov ntawm poov tshuaj, magnesium thiab bromine nrog bound dej (crystalline hydrate).

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom no yog muaj tas nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj sia nyob. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau ntau yam lub paj hlwb cov kab mob, mob, pw tsaug zog mob thiab nco puas. Nyob rau hauv ntxiv huab mob hem ntxiv lawm tshob. Ntses, marine tsiaj muaj peev xwm bromo noog nyob rau hauv tseem ceeb ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsev.

Tus luj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kaub puab nce mus txog nws 0,0021%. Nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov dej qab ntsev thiab tag nrho cov ntiaj teb hydrosphere.

Tebchaw ntawm bromine nrog ib tug tsawg dua oxidation lub xeev

Yuav ua li cas degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv bromine nyob rau hauv nws lub tebchaw nrog co thiab hydrogen? Lub qis tshaj, uas tseem tau rau cov khoom no - rho tawm ib tug. Nws yog ib cov kev sib txuas thiab sawv cev rau lub loj tshaj tswv yim kev txaus siab rau tus txiv neej.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (gas) los yog hydrobromic acid. Nyob rau hauv lub gaseous sau ua ib pawg xeev nws muaj tsis muaj xim, tab sis ntse heev thiab tsis kaj siab tsis hnov tsw, ib tug ntau ntawm pa taws. Nws muaj corrosive txiav txim rau lub txheej nyias nyias ntawm lub cev. Heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej, txoj kev acid. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog hais txog mus rau lub zog electrolytes, nws yog ib tug zoo kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas. Nws yog yooj yim hloov dua siab tshiab rau lub free bromine los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sulfuric acid, nitric acid thiab oxygen. Muaj tseem ceeb raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm bromide ion tsim ntsev nrog hlau cations.
2. Bromides - hais tias acid ntsev nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm bromine nyob rau hauv tib yam yog sib npaug zos rau -1. Tswv yim paj yog: LiBr, thiab KBr.
3. Lub tebchaw ntawm organic xwm uas muaj bromide ion.

Tebchaw nrog ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm oxidation

Cov no muaj xws ib tug xov tooj ntawm yooj yim tshuaj. Qhov siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm bromine oxidation yog 7, li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw nws yog cia li nws thiab yuav tsum tau.

1. Perbromic acid - HBrO _4. Tus haib tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov paub acids rau cov khoom no, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm thiab lub feem ntau resistant mus tua los ntawm muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj. Qhov no yog vim lub tshwj xeeb geometric qauv ntawm ib tug qauv, uas muaj lub luaj li ib cov tetrahedron qhov chaw.
2. Perbromates - acid ntsev qhia saum toj no. Rau lawv, raws li yus muaj los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm bromine oxidation. Lawv yog cov muaj zog oxidizing sawv cev, thiab yog li yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Piv txwv: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Kev siv cov bromine tebchaw thiab

Nws yog ua tau rau xaiv ob peb qho chaw nyob rau hauv uas lub bromo compound thiab nrhiav direct daim ntawv thov.

1. Qhuav dyes.
2. Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm photographic cov ntaub ntawv.
3. Raws li medicaments nyob rau hauv tib neeg (Bromine ntsev).
4. Nyob rau hauv lub automotive kev lag luam, namely, raws li ib tug additive nyob rau hauv roj.
5. Yog siv raws li ib tug kev kho mob rau tej lub flammability ntawm ib co ntaub ntawv organic.
6. Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov drilling muds.
7. Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, zus tau tej cov kev tiv thaiv kab sprayers.
8. Raws li ib tug tshuaj tua kab mob thiab kab mob li cas tsev, nrog rau cov dej.

Lub lom ntxim rau cov kab mob

Lub tshaj los yog tsis muaj bromine nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj heev unpleasant txim.

Txawm Pavlov thawj los mus txiav txim rau tej yam ntawm no lub caij nyob rau cov ciaj beings. Tsiaj cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias ntev-lub sij hawm shortfall ntawm bromide ions ua rau:

• ntxaug ntawm poob siab system;
• kev sib deev kawg;
• ncuav me nyuam tau thiab ntxiv lawm tshob;
• txoj kev loj hlob yuav txo tau;
• txo cov qe ntshav liab theem;
• insomnia thiab thiaj li nyob.

Ntev li txuam nrog nyob rau hauv lub nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij ua rau inhibition ntawm cov lag luam ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum, ntau yam txheej tawv nqaij kab mob.