Qhov xwm thiab hom Salaries nyob rau hauv statistics thiab cov hau kev ntawm lawv muab xam. Hom Salaries nyob rau hauv lub statistics sau ua ke: piv txwv Rooj

Los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no science, statistics, nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias nws muaj (raws li tau zoo raws li tej science), ib tug ntau ntawm cov lus uas koj yuav tsum paub thiab to taub. Niaj hnub no peb yuav saib nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li qhov nruab nrab nqi, thiab paub dab tsi hom nws txoj yuav ua li cas los xam lawv. Tab sis ua ntej peb pib, cia tham me ntsis txog lub keeb kwm thiab txog yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas muaj yog xws li ib tug science, raws li statistics.

zaj dabneeg

Lo lus "statistics" ua nws cov keeb kwm ntawm lub Latin lus. Nws yog tau los ntawm lo lus "raws li txoj cai" thiab txhais tau tias "tej yam" los yog "teeb meem". Qhov no luv luv txhais thiab qhia, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tus tag nrho taw tes thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub statistics. Nws siv cov ntaub ntawv rau lub txheej xwm ntawm yam thiab tso cai rau peb mus txheeb xyuas tej teeb meem no. Ua hauj lwm nrog cov txheeb cais muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv Ancient Rome. Muaj twb nqa tawm accounting dawb cov pej xeem, lawv cov khoom thiab vaj tse. Feem ntau Ameslikas statistics tau siv los tau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg thiab lawv cov khoom. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ces, lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj census twb tau soj xyuas nyob rau hauv 1061. Khans uas reigned nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, kuj ua ib tug census coj tribute los ntawm lub kov yeej pawg neeg thaj av.

Txhua siv statistics rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau nws tau coj cov kev tsim tshwm sim. Thaum cov neeg twb paub lawm hais tias qhov no yog tsis yog kev ua lej thiab science cais, uas yuav tsum tau kawm kom huv si, peb pib tshwm thawj zaum uas txaus siab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov neeg uas thawj los ua xav nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no thiab pib los mus to taub nws, twb los ntawm UFW ntawm cov ob lub ntsiab lub tsev kawm ntawv: lub British scientific lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm nom tswv xam thiab cov German narrative ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Thawj sawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 17th thiab tswj los qhia kev tshwm sim siv hais txog zauv ntsuas. Lawv nrhiav kom paub cov qauv nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug phenomena los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm statistics. Proponents ntawm lub descriptive tsev kawm ntawv kuj piav txog tus social processes, tab sis siv xwb lo lus. Lawv yuav tsis xav txog tej yam lub puab ntawm cov txheej xwm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub zoo dua nws.

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muaj yog tsis tau lwm tus, peb cov kev taw qhia ntawm no science: statistics thiab kev kawm zauv. Enormous pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam no tau ib tug zoo-paub paub txog, statistician Adolf Ketle nyob rau hauv Belgium. Nws yog nws leej twg pom tau tias hom ntawm nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub statistics, thiab thoob ntiaj teb congresses pib yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv nws teg num, nplooj siab mus rau lub science. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv lub txheeb cais pib yuav tsum tau siv ntau sophisticated zauv hom kev kawm, xws li lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj tseeb.

Niaj hnub no, qhov kev kawm ntawm statistics yog tsav los ntawm computerization. Siv txhua yam ntawm ntau yam kev pab cuam muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug teeb raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pom. Nyob rau hauv Internet tseem muaj ntau ntawm cov kev pab uas muab tej ntaub ntawv rau cov pej xeem thiab tsis yog.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tshooj lus no peb yuav saib dab tsi yog meant by cov nqe lus xws li statistics, hom Salaries thiab kev kwv yees. Tom ntej no, peb kov on qhov lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg peb yuav siv txoj kev paub no.

Yuav ua li cas yog txheeb cais?

Nws yog ib tug science nws thawj lub hom phiaj yog mus ua cov ntaub ntawv rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv zej zog. Yog li, peb yuav npaj ib tug xaus hais tias statistics kawm hauv lub zej zog thiab lub phenomena uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws.

Muaj ntau ntau statistical science disciplines:

1) General Theory of Statistics. Tsim txoj kev rau tus sau los ntawm tej ntaub ntawv yog lub hauv paus rau tag nrho lwm cov cheeb tsam no.

2) Social thiab economic statistics. Nws kawm lub macroeconomic phenomena nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub yav dhau los qhuab qhia thiab quantifies lub social processes.

3) lej Statistics. Tsis txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj peev xwm yuav tshawb. Ib yam dab tsi muaj xav tias yuav. Lej Statistics kawm random zog thiab muab faib rau cov kev cai ntawm qhov muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv statistics.

4) Kev lag luam thiab thoob ntiaj teb showgirl. Qhov no nqaim teb uas kawm ntau yam ntawm phenomena nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws los yog cov nplais ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Thiab tam sim no peb yuav saib hom ntawm nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub statistics, peb xub kawm txog lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lwm yam, tsawg tsis tseem ceeb qhov chaw raws li statistics.

Hom Salaries nyob rau hauv statistics

Ntawm no yog peb tuaj mus rau lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub npe ntawm tsab xov xwm. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom thiab kev kawm cov ntsiab lus xws li lub qhov thiab hom Salaries nyob rau hauv lub txheeb cais yuav tsum tau ib co txuj ci ntawm kev ua lej. Yuav pib, cia peb nco ntsoov hais tias qhov no xam txhais tau tias, harmonic, geometric thiab quadratic.

Lub xam txhais tau tias, peb tseem nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog payment heev tsuas: peb coj ib tug ob peb tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab uas yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav tau. Ntxiv mus cov zauv thiab faib cov lej los ntawm tus xov tooj. Lej, qhov no yuav tsum muaj tuaj raws li nram qab no. Peb muaj ib tug series ntawm cov zauv, raws li ib qho piv txwv, ib qho yooj yim tooj: 1,2,3,4. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb muaj 4 tug lej kawg. Peb nrhiav tau lawv nruab nrab raws li nram no: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) / 4 = 2.5. Nws yog qhov yooj yim. Peb pib nrog rau qhov no, vim hais tias nws yog yooj yim kom to taub cov views ntawm qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub statistics.

Qhia me me los ntawm tus duab phem. Siv ib tug series ntawm cov zauv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los piv txwv. Tab sis tam sim no, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los mus laij lub geometric mean, peb yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm cov xov tooj, ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm. Yog li, kom tau rau yav tas los piv txwv li: (1 * 2 * 3 * 4 ) 1/4 ~ 2.21.

Rov qab hais txog lub tswvyim ntawm tus harmonic phem. Yuav ua li cas koj yuav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm txog zauv rau xam no hom ntawm nruab nrab, peb yuav tsum tau mus thawj nrhiav tau ib tug xov tooj, mus saib muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov series. Hais tias yog, peb tau faib cov chav tsev nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawd. Yog li ntawd tau txais rov qab tooj. Qhov ratio ntawm lawv cov nqi thiab cov zaum yuav tsum yog tus harmonic phem. Noj piv txwv li tib tooj ntawm 1, 2, 3, 4. Rov qab tooj yuav zoo xws li: 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4. Ces tus harmonic phem yuav xam raws li nram no: 4 / (1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4) ~ 1,92.

Tag nrho cov hom ntawm nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub statistics, piv txwv uas peb tau pom tau hais tias yuav tau ib feem ntawm ib pab pawg neeg hu ua lub hwj chim. Tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv nruab nrab, uas peb yuav saib tom qab. Tam sim no peb tsom ntsoov rau cov thawj daim ntawv no.

Fais fab nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb

Peb twb tham txog cov kev laij zauv, geometric thiab harmonic. Tseem muaj ntau tshaj nyuab daim ntawv no, hu ua rms. Tab sis yog nws thiab tsis txhob mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws yog heev yooj yim mus rau xam. Nws yog tsuas tsim nyog los nteg cia ib tug xov tooj ntawm plaub fab ntawm cov zauv, ces faib lub txiaj ntsim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm, thiab kawm tau los ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm no square hauv paus. Rau peb nyiam series yuav zoo li no: ⁽⁽² 1 2 ² 3 ² 4 ²⁾ / 4) = ^1/2 (30/4) ^1/2 ~ 2,74.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog tag nrho xwb tshwj xeeb no ntawm qhov nruab nrab lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav, qhov no yuav tsum tau piav raws li nram no: cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev txiav txim n-Nogo degree n yog sib npaug zos rau cov hauv paus hniav ntawm tus sum ntawm cov zauv nyob rau hauv lub n-hydrochloric degrees muab faib los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm no tus xov tooj. Thaum nws yog tsis nyuaj li no mas.

Txawm li cas los, txawm lub degree ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib hom - medium-Kolmogorov. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov kev uas peb tau pom txawv qhov tseem ceeb sim ua ntej, yuav tsum muaj tuaj raws li ib tug ^{noj mis nyuj tov: y -1 * ((y (} x ₁₎ + y (x ₂₎ + y (x ₃₎ + ... + _{y (x n)) / n} ). Ntawm no tag nrho lub zog x - yog tus naj npawb ntawm kab thiab y (x) - ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqi, rau cov uas peb ntseeg hais tias qhov nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm, hais tias, muaj ib tug nruab nrab quadratic muaj nuj nqi yog y = x ^2, thiab nrog rau cov nruab nrab ntawm y = x. Hais tias yog dab tsi surprises peb tej zaum pib statistics. Hom Salaries peb tseem tsis tau txheeb tawm ua ntej thaum xaus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj kuj yog ib tug thib ob qauv. Wb tham txog lawv.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev Salaries ntawm statistics. zam

Nws yog tag nrho ib tug me ntsis nyuab. Yuav kom muab rho tej yam Salaries nyob rau hauv statistics thiab cov hau kev ntawm lawv muab xam, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav. Muaj ob lub ntsiab yam ntxwv Salaries hom thiab theem nrab. Peb yuav to taub tus thawj.

Zam yog lub feem ntau heev. Nws yog siv feem ntau los mus txiav txim qhov kev thov rau qhov no los yog hais tias tshaj plaws. Yuav kom nrhiav tau nws tus nqi, koj yuav tsum mus thawj nrhiav tau lub modal luv. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Modal ntau - lub ntau yam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb uas tej tivthaiv muaj lub siab tshaj plaws zaus. Tsim nyog visibility kom to taub tej yam kev zam thiab qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub statistics. Lub rooj, uas peb sib tham txog hauv qab no, yog ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem, ib tug mob uas yog:

Txiav txim seb lub hom raws li cov ua hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag txhua txhua hnub tso zis.

Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, lub modal ntau - ib ya index hnub tso zis nrog tus loj tshaj pes tsawg tus neeg, piv txwv li 40-44. Nws qis txwv ntawm - 44.

Thiab tam sim no peb sib tham txog yuav ua li cas xam qhov no tib yam zam. Cov mis yog tsis heev tham thiab nws yuav tau sau ntawv raws li: M = x _{1 + n * (f M -f M} -1) / ((f M -f M -1) + (f M -f M + _1)). Ntawm no f _M - modal zaus luv, f _M-1 - luv ua ntej modal zaus (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no 36-40), f _{M + 1} - tom qab modal zaus luv (rau peb - 44-48), n - lub luv nqi ( piv txwv li lub qhov sib txawv ntawm cov sab sauv thiab sab bound)? x ₁ - qis txwv nqi (nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv 40). Paub tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no, peb yuav tau yooj yim xam lub zam rau tus xov tooj ntawm txhua txhua hnub tso zis: M = 40 + 4 * (24-20) / ((24-20) + (24-19)) = 40 + 16/9 = 41 ( 7).

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev Salaries statistic. median

Cia peb kawm qhov ntau qhov no zoo ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntau yam, theem nrab. Paub meej rau nws peb yuav tsis tso tseg, qhia txog qhov sib txawv nrog rau yav tas los yam. Lub geometry median bisects kaum sab xis. Tsis rau ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub txheeb cais ntawm no hom ntawm medium-qhov loj qhov me thiaj hu ua. Yog hais tias cov nyob qib tooj (piv txwv li, nyob rau ib tug pej xeem ntawm ib tug hnyav nyob rau hauv ascending kev txiav txim ntawm tus xov tooj), theem nrab yog ib tug nqi uas faib lub series rau hauv ob qhov chaw sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv xov tooj.

Lwm yam kev Salaries nyob rau hauv statistics

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev hom, ua ke nrog lub hwj chim tawm los yog tsis yog txhua txhua uas yog yuav tsum tau rau cov lus teb nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Faib thiab lwm yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li, muaj weighted nrim. Qhov no hom yog siv thaum ib tug xov tooj ntawm muaj ib tug txawv "tiag tiag hnyav". Qhov no yuav tau piav los ntawm ib tug piv txwv yooj yim. Siv lub tsheb. Nws txav ntawm txawv speeds nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm txawv Team sib. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov sij hawm Team sib thiab velocities. Tam sim no, cov kis thiab yuav ua tau ib tug tiag tiag taw hnyav li. Tshem tawm yuav ua txhua yam ntawm lub hwj chim nrim.

Nyob rau hauv thaum tshav kub kub technology kuj yog siv lwm hom Salaries - nruab nrab cav. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug es nyuab mis, ua peb yuav tsis tau.

Qhov twg yog nws siv?

Txheeb cais - lub science uas yog tsis khi rau ib tug sector. Tab sis yog nws tau tsim raws li ib feem ntawm lub socio-economic kheej, tab sis hnub no nws txoj kev thiab tej kev cai yog siv nyob rau hauv physics, Science News for KIDS, thiab biology. Muaj kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, peb yuav tau yooj yim qhia hais tias tus tiam sis lub zej zog thiab los mus tiv thaiv cov kev hem thawj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Feem ntau peb hnov cov lus "threatens lub statistics", thiab cov no yog cov tsis npliag lus. Qhov no science qhia rau peb txog peb tus kheej, thiab nrog vim txoj kev tshawb no nws yog muaj peev xwm ceeb toom hais txog dab tsi yuav tshwm sim.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev Salaries nyob rau hauv lub txheeb cais?

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv yog cov tsis yeej ib txwm muaj, ntawm no, piv txwv li, cov yam ntxwv hom yuav tsis muaj feem los ntawm tej yam qauv. Tab sis nrog lub hwj chim txhua yam yog ntau npaum li cas nthuav. Piv txwv li, yog ib tug ntawm cov zauv no txhais li cas ntawm ob tug zauv yog ib txwm ntau dua los yog sib npaug zos rau lawv geometric phem. Lej muab sau raws li: (a + b) / ^{2> = (ib tug * b) 1/2} . Nws proves inequality ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm txoj cai mus rau sab laug thiab ntxiv grouping. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb tau cov keeb kwm ntawm qhov sib txawv, tsa nyob rau hauv lub square. Txij li thaum tej xov tooj squared yog zoo, ntsig txog, lub inequality yuav muaj tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd muaj yog ib tug general correlation qhov tseem ceeb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub harmonic phem yog yeej ib txwm tsawg tshaj li tus duab phem, uas yog tsawg tshaj li tus xam phem. Thiab lub caij nyoog kawg no yog, nyob rau hauv lem, tsawg tshaj li qhov phem square. Koj muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej seb puas muaj tseeb no kev sib raug zoo los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm ob tug zauv - 10 thiab 6.

Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv no nthuav?

Kuv xav li cas hom ntawm Salaries nyob rau hauv statistics uas seemed rau qhia cia li ib co nruab nrab theem, yuav nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug txiv neej uas paub ib tug ntau ntau. Thaum peb saib cov xov xwm, tsis muaj ib tug xav tias txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov xov tooj, thiab yuav ua li cas nrhiav tau tag nrho.

Yog dab tsi ntxiv, koj yuav nyeem tau?

Rau ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus, peb xav kom koj nyeem (los sis mloog) ib chav kawm rau statistics thiab lej uas siab dua. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb tham txog cov speck uas muaj no science, thiab nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej nws yog nthuav ntau tshaj no mas, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag.

Raws li txoj kev paub no yuav pab tau kuv?

Tej zaum lawv yuav pab tau rau koj nyob rau hauv lub neej. Tab sis yog hais tias koj xav nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm kev tshwm sim, lawv mechanism thiab ntxim rau koj lub neej, ces tus txheeb cais yuav pab tau koj mus rau ib tug tob nkag siab txog ntawm cov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yeej piav qhia tau yuav luag txhua nam ntawm peb lub neej, yog tias nyob rau hauv nws pov tseg cov ntaub ntawv muaj. Zoo, ces, nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas muab cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsom xam - ib lub npe rau ib tsab xov xwm.

xaus

Tam sim no peb paub hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm Salaries nyob rau hauv lub txheeb cais: lub twg thiab yam ntxwv. Peb to taub tias cov kev ntawm lawv muab xam, thiab nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav tau mus thov.