Sodium carbonate: mis, zog, kev npaj

Dej qab zib tshauv - cov khoom no yog yeej paub txhua leej txhua tus thiab yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus paub tsawg kawg yog ib ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv. Cov hauj lwm lub npe ntawm lub substance - sodium carbonate, cov mis - Na2CO3. Externally dej qab zib tshauv yog ib tug dawb hmoov, nws tej zaum yuav sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm granules ntawm tib xim. Muaj yog ib lub npe rau qhov no compound - dej qab zib tshauv, tab sis nyob rau lub sij hawm no yuav tsum muaj tsis muaj uas tsis nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias nws tsis yog ib tug paub rau peb nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, dej qab zib. Yog li ntawd nws tseem hu ua vim hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw txuam nrog qhov kev npaj cov txheej txheem - calcination - lub cev qhuav dej ntawm crystalline sodium hauv high school kub.

Carbonate dej qab zib - ib tug ntawm cov hiob paub ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Ntau Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws artifacts muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw sodium carbonate, cov mis ntawm uas, ntawm chav kawm, ntau npaum li cas tom qab tau kaw. Papyrus, peb qhia tias nyob rau hauv Egypt no compound twb npaj los ntawm cov pas dej, raws li zoo raws li ntawm cov ntoo tshauv uas tau los ntawm incineration nroj tsuag uas muaj alkali. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tim lyiv teb chaws tseem nyob coob tsim kom muaj thiab khoom qab zib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII, ua ib tug ntiaj teb no maritime lub hwj chim, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau tuaj koom Spain raws li cov ua tsum sis dej qab zib tshauv. Industrialization, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab industries yuav tsum ua cov nqi ntawm cov no muaj nuj nqis heev tshuaj, tab sis vim hais tias nyob rau hauv 1775 lub Fabkis Academy rau cov teg num ntawm tus naas ej encyclopedists ncaav ib qho qhib kev sib tw rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug muaj txheej txheem rau cov carbonated dej qab zib. Tus khiav ntawm no "tshuaj tej xwm txheej" muaj ua ib tug naas ej Fabkis tus kws muab tshuaj thiab kev sim paub txog Nikolay Leblan, uas rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1792 tau industrially ua sodium carbonate, cov mis ntawm uas nws tau sau ua Na2CO3. Ua hauj lwm Leblanc sawv cev nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub sodium tshuaj dawb nrog tej yam ntuj tso cwj mem av dawb thiab mixtures ntawm sodium sulfate. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yaj twb tau, muaj raws ntawm Na2C03 thiab cas, los ntawm uas dej thiab leached nrog sodium carbonate, lub compound ntawm mis - Na2CO3.

Leblanc txoj kev rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tau ua ib tug loj kev lag luam. Raws li ib co kev soj ntsuam, qhov kev siv ntawm factories rau zus tau tej cov dej qab zib coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nroog agglomerations thiab lub concentration ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam nroog. Dej qab zib ntau lawm thiab pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj kev lag luam, xws li cov zus tau tej cov sulfuric thiab nitric acids.

Kev loj hlob ntawm dej qab zib ntau lawm pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv rau zus tau tej cov hlau pyrites, ntsev, saltpeter.

Tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm ib xyoo tom qab nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov Leblanc nyob rival - ammonia dej qab zib ntau lawm txoj kev. Nws yog ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej, raws li yuav tsum tau tsawg zog, Thaum tshav kub kub, raw cov ntaub ntawv, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim, yog cheaper npaum li.

Nws cheapening ntau lawm pab mus rau rov tshwm sim ntawm tej tebchaw li sodium, qhov kev npaj ntawm uas pab rau cov expansion ntawm daim ntawv thov nws muaj raws li ib tug khoom noj khoom, tam sim no lub npe hu los ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug khoom noj khoom haus additive E-500 - ci dej qab zib.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm poov hlau carbonate tshauv nram qab no. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog hygroscopic, piv txwv li absorbs noo noo zoo heev, yog dab tsi, meej, ntau tshaj li ib zaug, txhua convinced.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov dej, thiab nws absorbs carbon dioxide, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau muab los xav thaum khaws cia rau hauv lub substance. Ximxoo kev sib tshuam dej qab zib kua nyob tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub theem ntawm cov av noo thiab kub.

Thaum rhuab, lub compound yog decomposed rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab ib tug oxide. Dej qab zib yog reacted nrog ib tug acid, piv txwv li, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid uas ua los ntawm cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm ib daim ntawv carbon dioxide.

Sodium carbonate yog siv nyob rau hauv lub muaj siv thiab ua cov iav, xim tsev thiab varnishes, soaps thiab detergents. Nws cov khoom tso cai rau cov kev siv ntawm no compound nyob rau hauv lub purification ntawm cov roj, papermaking, zus tau tej cov caustic dej qab zib thiab sodium ntsev.