Territory ua ntej 1917: lub governorship, lub cheeb tsam thiab lub xeev ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws

Lub division ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau hauv daim forms cheeb tsam yeej ib txwm tau ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev system. Ib thaj tsam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hloov tsis tu ncua, txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, kev kawm rau kev tswj kho. Thiab nyob rau hauv theem ntawm lub Moscow lub nceeg vaj thiab lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, qhov no tshwm sim ntau npaum li cas feem ntau vim lub accession ntawm tshiab pawg neeg thaj av, qhov kev hloov ntawm kev nom kev tswv lub hwj chim los hauv chav kawm.

Lub division ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 15-17 th centuries

Nyob rau theem ntawm cov Moscow State yooj yim hwv administrative units tau cov cheeb nroog. Lawv nyob tsis pub dhau lub ciam teb ntawm lub ib zaug ywj siab principalities thiab kav los ntawm vaj ntxwv cog governors. Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws loj lub zos (Tver, Vladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod thiab lwm tus neeg.) Puas ywj siab cai kom muab thiab ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub county tsis muaj, txawm tias nws yog lawv capitals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no nws yog Moscow, uas yog qhov chaw ntawm nws cheeb tsam de facto tab sis de jure nws yog ib lub nroog uas tsoom fwv teb chaws tseem ceeb, xws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib cheeb tsam.

Txhua lub nroog, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib ua townships - chaw hauv qhov chaw ntawm uas yog ib tug loj lub zos los yog lub zos me me nrog rau cov adjoining pawg neeg thaj av. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb teb chaws raws li lub division rau hauv chaw pw nraum zoov, cemeteries, lub zos los yog Zos nyob rau hauv ntau yam ob peb ua ke.

Daim ciam teb los yog lub teb chaws tsis ntev los no muaj cov cheeb nroog. Piv txwv li, lub teb chaws ntawm tus Onega Lake rau sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub Ural Toj siab thiab cia rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Arctic hiav txwv twb hu ua Pomerania. Ib tug laug-bank Ukraine, uas ua ib feem ntawm cov Moscow nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv lub lig xyoo pua 16th, vim nws raws li txoj cai raws li ib tug "kub ntxhov teb chaws", thiab cov pejxeem (Cossacks) twb muab faib ua regiments - Kyiv, Poltava, Chernihiv thiab li ntawd.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub division ntawm lub Moscow State yog heev ruam tag, tiam sis pub rau tsim tej ntsiab cai uas tus thawj coj ntawm ib cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov nram no centuries. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv - ib tug txiv neej tswj.

Lub division ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua

Raws li historians, lub tsev lag luam ntawm tus thawj tswj kev faib ntawm lub teb chaws coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv, lub kho kom zoo ntawm uas lub ntsiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo. Xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws sawv tom qab lub Decree ntawm Peter kuv nyob rau hauv 1708, thiab thaum xub thawj muaj tsuas yog 8 - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan thiab Siberia. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd lawv ntxiv Riga thiab Astrakhan xeev. Txhua yam ntawm lawv tau txais tsis tau tsuas yog lub ntiaj teb thiab lub viceroy (governor), tab sis kuj nws tus kheej emblem.

Educated cheeb tsam twb loj heev, thiab thiaj li tsis zoo tswj. Yog li ntawd, cov nram qab no kho tau tswj lawv yuav txo tau thiab sib cais ntawm subordinate units. Lub ntsiab milestones ntawm tus txheej txheem no:

1. Qhov thib ob kho kom zoo ntawm Peter kuv ntawm 1719, nyob rau hauv uas lub xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws pib mus rau faib lub moo thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab, lub caij nyoog kawg no tau hloov los ntawm lub cheeb nroog.
2. Cov kho kom zoo ntawm 1727, mus ntxiv rau tus txheej txheem ntawm unbundling territories. Raws li nws cov kev soj ntsuam, muaj 14 moo thiab 250 ntawv.
3. Kho kom zoo ntawm pib lub reign ntawm Catherine I. Thaum lub sij hawm 1764-1766 xyoo muaj ib tug tsim ntawm ciam teb thiab tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xeev.
4. Catherine kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv 1775. Kos npe los ntawm lub Empress "Institutions rau cov kev tswj ntawm lub xeev" cim qhov loj tshaj plaws thawj tswj thiab hwv hloov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm, uas ntawd kub ntev li 10 xyoo.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua lub teb chaws raug faib mus rau hauv 38 governorships, 3 moo thiab cheeb tsam nrog tshwj xeeb raws li txoj cai (Tauride). Tsis pub dhau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam muaj tau faib 483 koog tsev kawm ntawv, uas los ua ib tug me hwv unit.

Vicariate thiab hauv lub xeev ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua, ib tug luv luv-nyob hauv cov Catherine kuv ib thaj tsam. Txheej txheem kev tswj division txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub tom ntej no xyoo pua.

Lub division ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19

Lub sij hawm "xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws" rov qab thaum lub sij hawm Paul kuv ntawm kho, uas ua rau ib tug hai los mus txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm 51 mus 42. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm lawv nqa tawm kho tau tom qab ntxeev.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, tus thawj tswj-hwv division ntawm tus txheej txheem teem rau lub tsim ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov neeg Esxias ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws thiab ntawm daim ntawv ib cheeb tsam. Ntawm cov ntau yam hloov tsim nyog los hais cov nram qab no:

• Thaum Alexander kuv nyob rau hauv 1803 nyob Tomsk thiab Yenisei xeev, thiab lub Kamchatka Territory twb phua tawm los ntawm lub Irkutsk av. Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm nws twb tsim Grand Duchy ntawm Finland, Polish Kingdom, Ternopolskaya, Bessarabskaya thiab Bialystok xeev.
• Nyob rau hauv 1822 lub Siberian pawg neeg thaj av tau muab faib mus rau hauv 2 Governor-dav - mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Omsk thiab sab hnub tuaj, uas muaj peev ntawm Irkutsk.
• Rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv lub merged pawg neeg thaj av ntawm lub Caucasus tau tsim Tiflis, Shamakhi (tom qab Baku), Dagestan, Erivan, Terek, Batumi thiab Kutaisi xeev. Ib qho cheeb tsam ntawm lub Kuban Cossack Army sawv nyob rau hauv lub zej zog uas muaj cov pawg neeg thaj av ntawm niaj hnub Dagestan.
• Maritime cheeb tsam tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1856 los ntawm landlocked qhov chaw ntawm lub East Siberian Governor-dav. Tsis ntev, nws tib leeg xwb cov Amur thaj av, uas tau txais lub sab laug bank ntawm tus dej ntawm lub tib lub npe, thiab nyob rau hauv 1884 tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm Sakhalin Island Tshwj xeeb Department of Primorye.
• Lub ntiaj teb Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan tau ntxiv nyob rau 1860-1870-ies. Cov uas ua lub teb chaws raug txhim tsa nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Turkestan, lub Transcaspian thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws tau kuj tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev hloov - ib thaj tsam feem ntau hloov, rov muaj yais tawm tebchaws, renaming tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm cov neeg pluag kho kom zoo lub nroog xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nws twb muab faib ua townships rau yooj yim ntawm kev faib thiab accounting ntawm thaj av.

Lub division ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem 17 xyoo ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv tus thawj tswj-hwv division coj qhov chaw tsuas yog ob tug tseem ceeb cov kev hloov:

• Sakhalin cheeb tsam, nrog rau cov eponymous kob thiab surrounding me me Islands tuaj thiab archipelagos twb tsim.
• Nyob rau annexed pawg neeg thaj av ntawm yav qab teb Siberia (cov niaj hnub pheej ntawm Tuva) Uryankhai chaw uas zoo heev yog tsim.

Xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws khaws cia tseg lawv ib thaj tsam thiab lub npe rau 6 xyoo tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws, uas yog, kom txog thaum 1923, thaum thawj kho kom zoo ntawm zoning pib nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union.