Tsim ntawm electronics: hom hluav taws xob thiab kev lag luam los ntawm hluav taws xob sib

Electronics - ib tug complex tab sis pab tau heev science. Ntxiv mus, nws yog pheej, dua li cov loj tus naj npawb ntawm twb uas twb muaj lawm inventions. Tab sis ua ntej koj ua, koj yuav tsum to taub li cas yuav muab cov kev qhia tswj ntawm hluav taws xob engineering electronics. Peb lawv yuav muab suav hais tias raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm pab kiag li lawm siv.

AC lag luam

Lub cav yuav tau ua ib qho piv txwv. Hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob lub moj khaum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog raws li nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab qhov chaw: ib tug tsau thiab expressionless. Los ntawm thawj to taub txog qhov inductor, thiab ib tug thib ob - ib tug thauj tog rau nkoj nrog lub nruas winding. Tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam kev mob. Yog li, lub inductor yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug cylindrical zoo thiab ua los ntawm ib tug ferromagnetic hlau. Peb kuj yuav tsum tug nrog lub teb winding, uas yog tsau mus rau hauv tus ncej. Lub ntsiab winding magnetic flux yog generated. Kawm kom xam yuav tsum tau qhov tseem ceeb kev pab phau ntawv txog cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv ntau nrog cov kev qhia tswj ntawm hluav taws xob engineering electronics. Dhau li no txoj kev, lub magnetic flux yuav yog tsim los ntawm tas mus li hlau nplaum, uas yog mounted rau hauv tus ncej. Nyob rau hauv thauj tog rau nkoj to taub cov tub ntxhais, winding thiab collector. Tus thawj sau ntawm insulated hluav taws xob steel los xij.

analog pab kiag li lawm

Peb mus txuas ntxiv rau kawm txog cov qauv ntawm electronics thiab xav txog tej yam ntawm pab kiag li lawm twb nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm analog pab kiag li lawm - mus variation ntawm tus tau txais lub teeb liab nyob rau hauv raws li cov tau piav lub cev txheej txheem. Lej nws muaj peev xwm yuav qhia raws li ib tug tas mus muaj nuj nqi, qhov twg muaj ib tug xov tooj unlimited kev tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lub sij hawm. Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj peev xwm muab ib qho piv txwv: ua huab cua kub, thiab suitably hloov analog teeb liab. Nws yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug voltage nco (txawm hais tias muaj ntau txoj kev qhia hais tias nws, xws li hloov pendulum ntawm nws cov kev cai). Analog pab kiag li lawm yog yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha thiab muaj ib tug kev kub ceev. Qhov no kom hais tias lawv coob leej ntau tus siv. Txawm li cas los, hais tias lawv yuav khav ntawm tshwj xeeb precision teeb liab ua - nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Tsis tas li ntawd, analog pab kiag li lawm tsis muaj siab suab nrov tiv thaiv. Lawv yog cov xav nyob rau ntau yam lwm yam (lub cev laus, kub, lwm cov teb). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog feem ntau blamed rau cov kis lub teeb liab distortion thiab tsis muaj hauj lwm zoo.

Cov pab kiag li lawm

Lawv cog lus ua hauj lwm nrog cov Pib ntsais koj teeb. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws muaj ib txog kev ib theem zuj zus ntawm pulses, uas muaj peev xwm coj tsuas yog ob tug tseem ceeb - "muaj tseeb" los yog "cuav". Neeg twg uas paub cov qauv rau kev electronics, yog paub thiab hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm muab los siv rau txawv caij bases. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg muaj lub sij hawm los xaiv ntawm cov transistors, optoelectronic hais, electromagnetic relays, chips. Uas yog, muaj ntau haiv neeg yog tam sim no, thiab nws yog heev kim heev. Feem ntau, tus sau cov Circuit Court ntawm logic hais. chiv thiab tej txee (tab sis tsis yeej ib txwm) siv rau kev sib txuas lus. Ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv neeg hlau, automation, instrumentation, xov tooj cua thiab sib txuas lus. Ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo dua ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm yog lawv tsis kam mus cuam tshuam, yooj yim ntawm kev thiab teev cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv kuj kis ntaub ntawv xws tsawg distortion uas yuav tsis quav ntsej li. Yog li ntawd, cov pab kiag li lawm thiab pom tau hais tias ntau preferable tshaj analog.

semiconductors

Lawv yog vim nws ntau yam ntawm cov khoom thiab ua ib tug neeg sab nraud teb ntawm electronics. Tsim ntawm no tso ib tug ntev lub sij hawm dhau los, thaum tus siv lead ua detectors tau ua ntawv thov. Lawv yog cov semiconductor rectifiers tsim los khiav lag luam high-zaus currents. Chiv siv li raws li tooj liab oxide los yog selenium. Txawm li cas los, nws muab tawm hais tias lawv muaj ntau haum rau cov lag luam dua cov pab kiag li lawm uas yog ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm silicon.

Tus thawj kev vam meej kev khiav hauj lwm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav khav O. V. Losev - ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Nizhny Novgorod xov tooj cua Laboratory, uas tsim lub ntaus ntawv rov qab rau hauv 1922, nyob qhov twg, ua tsaug rau lub cim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso oscillations ntawm zoo heev zoo tus tau txais Pib ntsais koj teeb. Tab sis cov no tsim, alas, yog tsis zoo tsim. Thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog siv transistors (lawv yog cov tib transistors), uas yog koom tes ua ke tsim Brattain, Shockley, Bardeen, thiab lawv niaj hnub electronics yog tam sim no tab tom ua. Tsim kev ua hauj lwm nrog lawv, thiab txawm hais tias tsis yooj yim, tab sis tsim nyog rau tus neeg uas xav mus kawm txog thiab xyaum nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no.

microelectronics

Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev - yog lub quintessence ntawm electronics, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv zog ncav cuag lawv cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb. Ntawm no, cov kev ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txaus ib chav tsev ntawm qhov ceeb thawj yog ib tug ntau yam ntau dua li cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub lwm qhov chaw ntawm no science. Tab sis cov hauj lwm ntawm microelectronics - cov lus. Nws yuav siv tsuas yog ob tug lej tom qab: zajlus kom ib tug thiab pes tsawg. Tab sis lub tswv yim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog heev nyuaj - vim hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam kev mob uas yog tsis yooj yim (yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua) los xyuas kom meej lub tsev. Ntawm lawv, huv, siab raug thiab cov kev siv ntawm sophisticated technology.

lej ua neeg ncajncees

algebra ntawm logic siv technology. Nws invented Dzhordzh Bul. Yog li ntawd, nws hu tej zaum ua Boolean algebra. Rau cov tswv yim hom phiaj, nws twb xub siv los ntawm American paub txog Claude Shannon nyob rau hauv 1938, thaum kawm hluav taws xob circuits nrog switching hu. Thaum ib tug Boolean algebra (kuj hu ua logic), tag nrho cov xam tau tias yog cov nqe lus yuav nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ob tug tseem ceeb: "muaj tseeb" los yog "cuav". Lawv yog cov tsis nyuaj ib leeg. Tab sis tej yam yooj yim cov nqe lus tau tsim ib multi-tivthaiv los ntawm ua ke nrog kev pab los ntawm cov zajlus kom ua hauj lwm. Yog hais tias lawv muaj ntau thiab cim ib yam dab tsi (xws li, cov tsiaj ntawv), ces siv lub Boolean cai yuav piav raws li ib yam, txawm lub feem ntau complex cov circuits.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, yuav tsum paub cov qauv rau kev electronics, nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, lub nuances tsis tas yuav delve rau hauv. Es txheej thaum ub kev nkag siab ntawm no sib. Piv txwv li, xav txog cov nram piv txwv. Peb tau LED, hloov thiab lub hwj chim qhov twg los. Thaum lub teeb caij Burns - peb hais tias "qhov tseeb." LED yog tsis active - txhais tau tias "ib tug dag." Qhov ntawd yog los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm xws txiav txim siab ua, thiab computers.

xaus

Zuag qhia tag nrho cov kev qhia tswj ntawm hluav taws xob engineering electronics yuav pab kom to taub cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob yuav superfluous kev paub ntawm cov kev ruaj ntseg lag luam los ntawm kev pab kiag li lawm. Peb yuav tsum tau mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas npaj rau qhov kev ua qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau coj kom tsis txhob tau hluav taws xob poob siab. Koj muaj peev xwm siv roj hmab hnab looj tes (yog tias koj ua hauj lwm nrog liab qab nyob ntawm tej) thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Pab nyob rau hauv kev xyaum no yog siv ib tug ncauj los yog cov zoo li thaum lub sij hawm soldering.