Yooj yim ntau yam. Hom, cov yam ntxwv thiab tseem ceeb ntawm qhov nyuaj

tsiaj yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau txheej thaum ub ib leeg-celled kab mob yog cov mej zeej ntawm lub nceeg vaj. Lawv tsim ib tug loj heev hom ntawm protozoa, ib tug ntau yam uas peb yuav xav txog niaj hnub no. Cov Latin lub npe ntawm no hom - protozoa. Txij li thaum lub ib leeg-celled kab mob yog yooj yim los mus cais cov tsiaj (protozoa) thiab cov nroj tsuag (Protophyta), lawv muaj feem ntau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg Protista. Qhov ntau ntawm tej yam yooj yim siv khoom ntaus. Lawv tus xov tooj yog ntau tshaj 30 000 hom, feem ntau ntawm uas yog pom tsis tau cov liab qab qhov muag, vim hais tias qhov luaj li cas lawv tsis lub koob taub. Wb sim piav me ntsis txog lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm protozoa.

Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog ntawm qhov nyuaj

Tag nrho cov muaj tus kab mob yog muab faib ua 4 chav kawm nyob rau ntawm lub hom ntawm tsheb thauj mus los. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) tsiv los ntawm lub pseudopodia; lawv yog cov no yog cov mas dawb-sia nyob ntes prey. Flagellates (Mastigophora) yeej los ntawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug los yog ntau tshaj flagella. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), thiab muaj Plasmodium sp, -. Cab ntaub ntawv tsis locomotion tshwj xeeb txhia. Ciliates (Ciliata) tau ua ke nyob rau hauv mas free-daim ntawv no, uas yog tsiv los ntawm lub cilia. Zoo ib yam li tej yam me me raj ciliate Stenior, pub mis, dej nroj tsuag yog txuas mus rau qhov chaw.

Zoo li tag nrho cov lwm yam tsiaj, protozoa, feem ntau yog mobile, lawv pub rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm sib complex zaub mov. Lawv lub cev yog phua, muab nws nrog lub zog. Tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm tej yam yooj yim xav tau kev pab nyob rau hauv lub dej ib puag ncig. Thaum uas feem ntau ntawm cov hom nyob rau hauv ib tug marine los yog cov dej tshiab, ib tug ntau ntawm lawv yog cov cab txoj kev ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv ntau dua tsiaj, xws li tib neeg, qhov chaw uas lawv yog feem ntau qhov ua rau ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Qhov ntau ntawm pathogenic protozoa loj.

flagellates

Los ntawm flagellar yog ob hom - Euglena thiab Chlamydomonas, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov uas muaj chlorophyll thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm photosynthesis. Nws kuj muaj xws li thiab armored flagellates (Dinoflagellata), hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug cellulose capsule thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub plankton. Tus txiv neej nyob, yuav ua tsaug zog lawm kev mob kev nkeeg, ib tug cab hauv daim ntawv ntawm Trypanosoma (pictured hauv qab no).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - lwm pab pawg neeg, uas ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm hom belongs. Tag nrho cov no ntau yam yog tsuas tsis yooj yim los mus piav txog, thiaj li cia tus hais tias ib tug ob peb lo lus hais txog lub npe nrov tshaj. Peb yeej paub tag nrog no sawv cev sarkodovyh los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug dawb-nyob Amoeba proteus (pictured hauv qab no). Amoeba - celled tsiaj uas belongs rau ib tug broad hom protozoa, uas vam qhov txhia chaw heev thiab noo.

Lawv ntau thiab tsawg pab los ntawm me me cab Babesia ntshav los loj loj foraminifera, uas nws zoo li 5 cm nyob rau hauv ntev.

Plhaub taum mog, Dory thiab sporozoans

Plhaub taum mog (Radiolaria) thiab Dory (Heliozoa) muaj ib tug lub cev pob txha ntawm silica. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog tej zaum sau thiab siv raws li ib tug abrasive khoom. Xa me nyuam rov ntawm tag nrho cov variation kev cai Sporozoa muaj ib tug high degree ntawm uniformity, uas tsis txawv rau ntau haiv neeg protozoa. Cab protozoa - tag nrho cov hom ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd sporozoans tsis muaj organelles yuav tsum tau rau cov lus tsa suab thiab lub hwj chim: lawv yuav tsis tau tsiv mus nyob, thiab lawv metabolize zaub mov twb nqis. Lawv lub neej voj voog combines theem, yuav nteg qe ob asexually thiab kev sib deev, ua nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm noob kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ua ntau yam ua rau pua pua ntawm cov neeg.

Ciliate-txhais khau khiab

Paramecium (ciliate-khau) - ib tug tshwj xeeb ib leeg-celled tsiaj. Nyob rau nws yeej tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hais, piav txog muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm dej protozoa. Cov txheej txheej ntawm lub cell txheem - ectoplasm - tas tuab plhaub nqa ib plurality ntawm me me cilia. Lawv zoo hauj lwm ua ke ntaus cia cov tsiaj tsiv. Peristome ua rau hauv ib lub qhov muag tsis pom outgrowth - caj pas surrounded los ntawm granular endoplasm. Khoom noj khoom haus hais noj mus rau hauv lub caj pas los ntawm ciliary zog thiab ces poob mus rau hauv lub vacuole. Tus txheem ntawm lub digestive vacuoles, tsiv nyob rau hauv endoplasm digesting enzymes. Undigested remnants yog ntiab tawm los ntawm poroshitsu. Dej tshuav nyiaj li cas yog khaws cia los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ob pulsating vacuoles. Ntawm ob loj nuclei (macronucleus) txuam nrog cov metabolism hauv lub cell, thiab tsawg heev (micronucleus) yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev sib deev txheej txheem.

Plasmodium vivax

Xav txog lwm lub npe hu daim ntawv, piav txog lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm protozoa. Cab protozoa yog heev heev, tab sis cov kabmob Malaria muab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem rau tib neeg. Plasmodium vivax, tau txais mus rau hauv tus tib neeg lub cov hlab ntsha tom qab tom nws poj niam yoov tshaj cum Anopheles, penetrates mus rau hauv lub siab lub hlwb, qhov chaw uas multiplies. Thaum koj ua txhaum tawm ntawm lub cov hlwb plasmodium thiab kis sawv daws yuav tshiab. Ces nkag dua nyob rau hauv cov ntshav liab, txawj lawv thiab rhuav tseg. Thaum kawg, muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam txiv neej hlwb (gametocytes). Tau txais cov ntshav mus rau lwm yoov tshaj cum, cov txiv neej gametocytes raug muab faib nyob rau hauv nws lub plab, txoj kev gametes. Los ntawm cov khoom ntawm tus merger - lub zygote - muaj cov tshiab plasmodium, tob tob mus rau hauv cov yoov tshaj cum lub qaub ncaug. Thiab lub voj voog repeats nws tus kheej.

tu tub tu kiv nyuaj

Thaum asexual tu tub tu kiv ntawm protozoa raug muab faib nyob rau hauv ib nrab, txoj kev ua ob tus neeg. Xws li ib tug faib siab tsim hlwb thiab captures lub protoplasm thiab lub nucleus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv no ob tug zoo tib tus ntxhais lub hlwb. Nyob rau hauv unfavorable tej yam kev mob ib co flagellates thiab paim sarkodovyh tuab impermeable tiv thaiv sheath (cyst) nyob rau hauv uas cell yuav faib. Thaum txhaj mus rau hauv lub paaj tej yam kev mob cyst puas lawm, thiab muaj cov tib neeg uas muaj me tub asexually.

kev sib deev tu tub tu kiv ntawm qhov nyuaj txoj kev uas yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Paramecium, e.g., los ntawm conjugation multiplies: ob cov neeg teej tug mus rau txawv kab tshuam sab, thiab ces tom qab nuclear fission thiab nuclear pauv cov ntaub ntawv uas diverge. Tom qab ntawd ob cov neeg koom tes yuav qhia, ua mus txog yim (plaub txhua) ntawm kab nrws muaj nuclei nrog mixed caj. Amoeba, me nyuam asexually, yog muab faib ua ob tus ntxhais lub hlwb. Lawv muaj tib lub qhov ntau. Thaum pib fission nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais, uas yuav luv luv thiab thicker tshwm chromosome; txhua yog li ntawm ob chromatids. Pulsating vacuole yog muab faib, thiab nws halves apart. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm sib nrug thiab cov chromatids, thiab cytoplasm pib pereshnurovyvatsya ib nrab. Qhov kawg division ntawm chromosomes cais thiab cytoplasm. Cov uas ua tus ntxhais lub hlwb yeej zoo tib yam.

Hwj chim nyuaj

Zoo li lwm yam tsiaj, protozoa tau txais lub zog, noj mov complex organic tebchaw. Amoeba sp. pseudopodia captures cov khoom noj seem, thiab lawv nqis nyob rau hauv lub digestive vacuoles uas enzymes. Paramecium sp. Nws nyob mas vim cov kab mob, tsav tsheb lawv nyob rau hauv cirrus taw ntawm cilia. Trichonympha sp. Nws nyob rau hauv lub gut ntawm kab-rwg thiab txau nws nrog cov tshuaj uas tsis absorbed los ntawm tus tswv tsev. Acineta sp. (Pictured hauv qab no) yog siv nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus xwb nyob rau hauv tej yam hom ciliates, uas yog tej zaum kuj loj tshaj lawv tus kheej.

zog

Qhov yooj yim txav nyob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab txoj kev. Sarkodovyh "nkag" los ntawm cov tsim ntawm outgrowths protoplasm. Lub zog tsim los ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug kev taw qhia thiab nws cov endoplasmic reversible transformation nyob rau periphery nyob rau hauv ib tug gelatinous ectoplasm. Vim tus ntse tej yam uas cov flagellum txav flagellates. Lub ciliates yeej los ntawm oscillating ib tug plurality ntawm me me cilia.

Cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob

General yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam thiab cia li xav mus yuav supplemented los ntawm ib tug nyuag zaj dab neeg txog cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, uas yog feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog lawv. Lawv xa ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem rau cov txiv neej, tab sis ua si ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob - lub me tshaj tus kab mob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw. Txawm hais tias nws yog tus yooj yim rau ib lub koom haum beings, tsis hu lawv txheej thaum ub. Lawv yog cov tau ciaj sia nyob rau hauv heev phiv tej yam kev mob, thiab ib tug ntau dua muaj peev xwm kom pab tau rau kev hloov tej yam kev mob txo nws hwj nws rau ib tug par nrog rau feem ntau-heev thiab muaj kev vam meej cov ntaub ntawv. Kab mob - nws yuav tsis tau lub hlwb, vim li ntawd lawv yuav tsis tau ntaus nqi mus rau ib tug ib-celled, tab sis cov kab mob yuav tsum tau ua xws li. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsis yooj yim, vim hais tias lawv muaj tsis muaj keeb. Peb yuav qhia rau koj ntxiv txog lawv.

Inhabited los ntawm cov kab mob

Tsis zoo li cov kab mob cov kab mob - ib tug cell. Txawm li cas los, lawv yog ntau yooj yim qauv tshaj lub hlwb ntawm, yeej npaj beings, thiab varied heev nyob rau hauv loj thiab zoo. Tus kab mob no muaj nyob qhov txhia chaw. Lawv yuav nyob txawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas txwv lub hav zoov ntawm ntau cov kab mob. Lawv tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv, txawm nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov tob ntawm 9 km. Nrog deteriorating tej yam kev mob kab mob tsim ib tug ruaj khov so theem - endospores. Nws yog lub feem ntau ruaj khov ntawm cov paub nyob kab mob: ib co endospores tsis tuag txawm tias thaum hau.

Ntawm tag nrho cov tau yeej ntawm cov feem ntau pheej hmoo - lwm yam kab mob. Cov kab mob nkag tau rau hauv nws yog feem ntau los ntawm ib tug mob. Tab sis, muaj tau txais sab hauv, lawv yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg rog ntawm tus neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv phagocytes (hlwb muaj peev xwm ntawm capturing thiab digesting) thiab cov tshuaj uas yuav neutralize lawv cov teeb meem los. Yog li ntawd ib co kab mob yog surrounded sab nraum mucosa invulnerable rau phagocytes; lwm leej lwm tus tom qab lawv ntes los ntawm phagocytes yuav nyob rau hauv lawv; Thaum kawg, peb masking khoom tshuaj uas pab kom lawv mus nkaum nws muaj nyob rau hauv tus kab mob hlwb, thiab rau tom kawg tsis tsim tshuaj.

Teeb meem thiab kab lig

Tus kab mob no yuav ua mob tau nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev: piv txwv li, txhaws ntawm txawv tseem ceeb heev raws nyob rau hauv lub cev vim yog lub loj pes tsawg tus; tso tej yam tshuaj lom (taug av kab mob Clostridium tetani (pictured hauv qab no) yuav ua tetanus, nws yog hais txog mus rau feem ntau hwj chim toxins paub tias yuav science); raws li zoo raws li lub stimulation ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg raug.

Tej lub sij hawm tiv thaiv microbial kab mob twb zoo tshuaj tua kab mob, muaj ntau yam kab mob muaj tsim kuj mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj. Lawv cov me nyuam sai sai, sib koom nyob rau hauv dej siab tej yam kev mob txhua txhua 10 feeb. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, qhov uas yuav muaj tsos ntawm mutants uas yog resistant rau tej tshuaj tua kab mob yuav tsub kom. Tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua tus kab mob nyob rau hauv lwm yam kab mob, muaj teeb meem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub mob huam ntawm ib tug nyuj, tshis thiab yaj muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb department - ib tug caws pliav, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug ntau ntawm cov kab mob nyob ntawd pab tsiaj zom cog fiber.

mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov cellular kab mob thiab, tejzaum nws, yog ib tug hloov theem ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob - nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv wastewater, tab sis nws yuav ua rau tej tsiaj thiab ua rau lawv cov kab mob xws li, piv txwv li, ib co ntaub ntawv ntawm kev mob caj dab nyob rau hauv npua.

Lub ntsiab lus kab mob

Vim hais tias ntawm cov kab mob rau decompose lub cev thiab rov qab mus rau cov av muaj nyob rau ntawd organic teeb meem. Qhov no tsis muaj qhov kev voj voog ntawm lub tsev organic lub neej yuav tsis muaj nyob rau lwm. Cov tseem ceeb heev kev ua si ntawm cov kab mob lug siv rau converting organic pov tseg cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv pab khoom thaum lub sij hawm composting, ua ntawm cheese, butter, vinegar.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Raws li koj tau pom, lub ntau yam thiab tus nqi ntawm tej yam yooj yim zoo kawg thiab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lawv ntau thiab tsawg pab yog heev me me, lawv ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv phem tshaj lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb tsuas piav me ntsis txog lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm protozoans. Peb cia siab tias koj muaj ib lub siab xav kom tau paub lawv. Systematics thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub nyuaj - ib qho interesting thiab sab lub npe.