Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam as nuj nqis nyob niaj hnub no. Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm

Arabic numerals, kuj hu ua tus Indo-Arab yog lub feem ntau yooj yim, zoo-paub rau tag nrho cov tej yam tshwm sim - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 thiab 9. Tus ntawd yog lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ntawm Arabic numerals yuav muaj naj npawb kaum. Rau hnub tim, lawv yog cov feem ntau ua ib lub cim sawv cev ntawm tus xov tooj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Tom qab tsos

Thawj me nyuam no yuav tsim cov system tau ua nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo nyob rau hauv lub 2nd xyoo txhiab BC. e., tab sis lawv cov xov tooj system yog tsis pes tsawg.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Arabic numerals txuam nrog rau Hindu-Arabic tus nab npawj system, uas tau raug txais tau los ntawm cov Pawxia thiab yog Ameslikas siv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Arab. Muaj pov thawj, los ntawm cov uas nws yuav lam xav tias cov nuj nqis xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no Arab.

Nyob rau hauv nws niaj hnub daim ntawv no, lub Arabic numerals nyob rau hauv North Africa, lawv sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg siv nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Beja, uas yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm Algeria, nto moo paub txog Fibonacci tsim ib tug niaj hnub digital system, nws kuj yog ib tug uas tuaj nrog cov Arabic numerals los yog, es, ua rau nws ua tau rau lawv popularization. Nws ua hauj lwm yog zoo kawg li rau nws cov tis rau cov teb chaws Europe thiab lub Europeans, uas nce lawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Fibonacci yees Arabic numerals, tsis txawm paub hais tias lawv tom qab kis tau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm cov lag luam tawm, typography thiab colonialism.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau pes tsawg

Ib txhia tej zaum yuav zoo li cuab kev hais tias ib tug pes tsawg yog ib feem ntawm ib tug positional system, tab sis qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb, vim hais tias nws yog tus tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no ubiquitous cim hais tias txhais tau hais tias "tsis muaj dab tsi" tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe kom txog thaum lub XII caug xyoo. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias thaum ntxov cov me nyuam yuav ua kom paub ib tug pes tsawg positional system tau ua nyob rau hauv ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerian cov xib hwb siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm icons thiab cov cim, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov kev khiav dej num ze rau qhov no lub cev, plaub txhiab xyoo dhau los. Txawm hais tias thawj sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tsos ntawm no cim sau hnub tim III-II txhiab BC. e. nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo. Nyob rau hauv kev sexagesimal Babylonian cov tshuab muaj kos npe rau uas yuav pab tau qhov txawv lub kaum, pua pua thiab phav phav, tab sis nws twb tsis tau siv nyias. E., Qhov no xam tau tsis tau nrhiav tag nrho nws cov advanced nta.

Hindu-Arabic tus nab npawj system sawv nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb nyob ib ncig ntawm 500 AD. Nws yog ntau revolutionary, vim hais tias nws yog pes tsawg thiab positional cim. Qhov no yog ib tug tseem ceeb kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Yog li ntawd, lo lus teb rau lo lus nug "ntau npaum li cas yam muaj kev Arabic numerals" tau hloov txij thaum pes tsawg lwm full daim duab.

Tej zaum nyob rau hauv ib tug positional tooj system distinguished nuj nqis thiab glyphs, cov cim, uas yog siv rau lub duab sawv cev ntawm tus xov tooj los yog cov tsiaj ntawv. Tus thawj nkag teb chaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xoom glyph hnub ntawm lub IX xyoo pua (nyob rau hauv central Is Nrias teb). Heev heev fwm Indian tooj liab daim hlau paub meej tias lub hav zoov ntawm cov ua cim, uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqi pes tsawg twb nyob rau hauv lub VI. n. e.

Adaptation nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe

Arabic numerals nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv 976, nws yog paub tseeb hais tias Vigilanskim Code.
Pib nrog lub 980 tus Orilyaksky Herbert, uas tom qab ua Pope Sylvester II ntawm, pab rau popularize cov zauv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Leonardo Fibonacci, ib tug naas ej mathematician los ntawm Pisa, uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv Algeria, kuj pab mus rau kis ntawm ib tug tshiab cov system, muaj sau ntawv "Phau Ntawv Abacha."

Nuj nqis thiab xov tooj

Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ntawm lub as xov tooj muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yooj yim, vim muaj cov 10, raws li nram no: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nuj nqis thiab xov tooj yog cuab kev, vim hais tias cov nuj nqis yog lub cim qhia txog cov zaub, thiab tus naj npawb nws tus kheej - ib tug tswvyim uas qhia tau hais tias tus xov tooj.

Yog vim li cas hais tias Arabic numerals tau txais nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, yog tsis tsuas cov kev kab ntsab ntawm lawv cov kev siv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm cov thawj printing xovxwm, uas ua rau lawv nrov twb nyob rau hauv lub XV caug xyoo.

Arabic numerals nyob rau hauv Russia

Slavonic cim originates los ntawm lub Slavonic ntawv, uas yog siv los ntawm yav qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj Slavs. Nws twb siv kom txog thaum lub XVIII xyoo pua, thaum Petus kuv hloov nws nrog Arabic numerals. Los ntawm txoj kev, Russia tau ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj lub teb chaws, uas tau raug officially muab tso rau hauv kev siv Arabic numerals.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txawm lub fact tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug, yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam as nuj nqis, muaj tam sim no yooj yim heev, positional cov system tau tuaj ib tug ntev txoj kev tsim. Yog li, cov cim, t. E. Cov nuj nqis ib zaug los eminent Indian zaum thawj coj lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Arab kab lis kev cai, thiab xwb ces pib kis thoob plaws hauv lub civilized ntiaj teb no.

Cov creation ntawm xws li ib tug cov system yuav zoo heev leeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ob science thiab technology. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau lub ceev ceev kis thiab adaptation ntawm Arabic numerals rau lub ntiaj teb no scale tau ua tsiv teb tsaws thiab cov emergence of printing, uas ua rau nws ua tau rau kom paub nrog cov inhabitants ntawm tag nrho cov continents.