Yuav ua li cas yog atoms thiab molecules?

Txhua txhua hnub peb noj li cas ib txhia khoom: muab lawv nyob rau hauv tes, ua tej yam manipulation rau lawv - tig lawm, xav txog, tom qab tag nrho, yog rhuav. Muaj koj puas tau xav txog dab tsi nws muaj cov khoom no? "Yuav ua li cas yog tiag tiag muaj los xav txog? Vim hais tias hlau / ntoo / yas / ntaub!" - teb puzzled ntau ntawm peb. Tej nws yog qhov tseeb teb. Thiab vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi cov ntaub ntawv - hlau, ntoo, yas, ntaub thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj? Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog qhov no.

Molecule thiab atom: kev txiav txim

Ib tug neeg cob cov lus teb yog yooj yim thiab banal: ntawm atoms thiab molecules. Tab sis ib txhia neeg yog puzzled thiab pib rattling tawm cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog atoms thiab molecules ua lawv zoo li cas?" thiab lwm yam, thiab lwm yam Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim. Zoo, firstly, hais tias xws li atoms thiab molecules? Yuav qhia rau koj tam sim ntawd hais tias lub ntsiab txhais - tsis yog tib yam tshaj plaws. Thiab tseem muaj ntau - nws yog txawv kiag li cov nqe lus. Yog li ntawd, ib tug atom - yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ib feem ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij, uas yog cov cab kuj ntawm nws cov khoom, lub particle tshuaj meager hnyav thiab loj. Ib tug qauv - yog electrically nruab nrab particle uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov sib thooj, los ntawm covalent bonds ntawm lub atoms.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub atom: cov qauv

Atom muaj xws li cov electron plhaub thiab lub atomic nuclei (yees duab). Nyob rau hauv lem, lub nucleus muaj protons thiab neutrons, thiab ib tug plhaub - ntawm lub electrons. Lub zoo them atom protons, electrons - tsis zoo, thiab cov neutrons tsis them rau tag nrho cov. Yog hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm protons coj mus rau tus xov tooj ntawm electrons, lub atom yog electrically nruab nrab, i.e., yog hais tias peb kov rau ib yam khoom uas tsim ntawm molecules nrog xws li atoms tsis xav tias tus slightest hluav taws xob mem tes. Thiab txawm nws heavy-duty computers tsis tau vim hais tias ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj lub caij nyoog kawg no. Tab sis nws yog hais tias ntau protons tshaj electrons, thiab vice versa. Ces cov atoms yuav muaj tseeb kom koj hu rau ions. Yog hais tias nws muaj ntau protons, nws yog electrically zoo, yog hais tias nws yog yeej los ntawm electron - electrically tsis zoo. Txhua atom muaj ib tug nruj meej tooj ntawm protons, neutrons thiab electrons. Thiab nws yuav tsum xam. Template kom tau raws li txoj kev sib tw ntawm kev nrhiav cov xov tooj ntawm no hais yog raws li nram no:

Chem. caij - R (insert caij lub npe)
Lub protons (p) -?
Lub electrons (e) -?
Neutrons (n) -?
tshuaj:
p = nyob № Chem. R caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic system ntawm DI Mendeleev
f = p
n = A _{r (R)} - № _R

Yuav ua li cas yog lub molecule: qauv

Molecule - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle ntawm ib tug tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, uas txhais tau tias nws yog twb ncaj qha muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Molecule tej yam khoom uas muaj ob peb zoo tib yam los yog sib txawv atoms. Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules nyob ntawm seb lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance nyob rau hauv uas lawv yog tam sim no. Cov molecules muaj electrons thiab atoms. kawg qhov chaw mus nrhiav tau kev pab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv mis. Tus qauv ntawm lub molecule los mus txiav txim rau thaum kawg ntawm ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Feem ntau lawv yog nruab nrab (tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb), thiab lawv tsis muaj unpaired electrons (tag nrho cov valences yog nyeem). Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsum tau them, ces lawv cov npe - ions. Tsis tas li ntawd, molecules yuav ua tau unpaired electrons thiab unsaturated valences - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lawv hu ua radicals.

xaus

Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi ib tug atom thiab dab tsi cov molecule. Tag nrho cov, tsis muaj kev zam, ib yam khoom uas muaj li ntawm molecules, thiab rau tom kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, ua li ntawm atoms. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub tshuaj thiab txiav txim seb qhov chaw ntawm kev twb kev txuas ntawm atoms thiab molecules nyob rau hauv nws.