TsimScience

Yuav ua li cas yog tus pog lub xeev ntawm cov atom

. Nyob rau hauv 1905 los ntawm J. Thompson thawj pom tias cov qauv ntawm atomic qauv, raws li uas nws yog zoo them pob, hauv uas cov txheej txheem uas muaj ib tug tsis zoo xwb hais - electrons. Hluav taws xob cov neutrality atom piav kab zauv pob xwb thiab tag nrho nws cov electrons.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm no ziag no nyob rau hauv 1911, tuaj mus rau lub planetary qauv, tsim los ntawm Rutherford: nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais lub hnub qub, ua li lub ib thooj ntawm tag nrho cov atoms nyob rau hauv orbits ib ncig ntawm lub electrons, lub ntiaj teb tig. Txawm li cas los, ntxiv thwmsim, cov kev tshwm sim muab pov tsis ntseeg nyob rau correctness ntawm cov qauv no. Piv txwv li, cov qauv ntawm Rutherford ua raws li hais tias cov kev ceev ntawm lub electrons thiab lawv radii yuav varied tsis tu ncua. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv nws yuav tsum muaj cai tas mus li tawg thoob plaws lub spectrum. Txawm li cas los, cov ntsiab lus ntawm thwmsim qhia tias cov kab spectra ntawm atoms. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib co lwm yam txawv. Tom qab ntawd, Niels Bohr npaj ib quantum qauv ntawm atomic qauv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hauv av thiab pog lub xeev ntawm cov atom. Qhov no feature tso cai, nyob rau hauv particular, piav qhia txog lub valence ntawm lub caij.

Cov pog lub xeev ntawm cov atom yog ib nrab theem ntawm ib lub xeev uas xoom hwj chim theem thiab siab dua li nws. Tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis ruaj tsis khov, li ntawd, nws yog heev fleeting - qhov ntev ntawm millionths ntawm ib tug thib ob. Cov pog xeev ntawm ib tug atom tshwm sim thaum cov lus rau nws ntau zog. Piv txwv li, nws qhov chaw yuav tsum tau raug mus kub thiab electromagnetic teb.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov classical kev tshawb xav ntawm atomic qauv hais tias nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais nyob rau tej mus raws ncig orbits tig indivisible zoo them hais - electrons. Txhua orbit tsis yog ib tug kab, raws li tej zaum nws yuav zoo li, thiab lub zog "huab" nrog ob peb electrons. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua electron muaj nws tus kheej tig (tig rau ntawm nws lub axis). Tej electron orbit voos kheej-kheej nyob ntawm nws muaj zog, li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm sab nraud cawv nrog qauv yog txaus ruaj khov. Nws txhaum cai - tus pog lub xeev ntawm cov atom -nastupaet thaum lwm lub zog tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Thiaj li, nyob rau hauv lub kawg orbits qhov twg tus quab yuam kev sis raug zoo nrog cov ntsiav yog me me, paired electron spins thiab steamed, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, lawv hlws ris tshwm sim nyob rau hauv unoccupied hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nyob rau hauv raws li lub zog txuag kev cai lij choj electron kev hloov mus rau lub siab lub zog ntau yog nrog los ntawm haum ntawm photons.

Xav txog ib tug atom nyob rau hauv ib tug pog lub xeev ntawm ib tug atom piv txwv arsenic (Raws li). Nws valence yog peb. Yuav ua li cas yog interesting, cov nqi no yog muaj tseeb tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv thaum tus tswv cuab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev. Txij li thaum lub valence txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm unpaired spins, raws li qhov tau txais lwm hwj chim atom ntawm qhov chaw kawg orbit cai muab cub hais nrog ib txoj kev hloov mus rau lub free cell. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, hloov orbit. Txij li thaum lub zog sublevels tsuas ntxeev, ces txoj kev hloov rov qab (recombination), hauv av xeev atoms, nrog los ntawm evolution ntawm lub absorbed zog raws li photons sib npaug. Rov qab mus rau cov piv txwv ntawm arsenic: vim cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm unpaired spins nyob rau hauv tus pog xeev sau raws nkaus Ii lub valence ntawm lub caij tsib.

Schematically, lub foregoing yog raws li nram no: thaum tau txais lub zog los ntawm cov sab nraum feem ntawm cov txheej atom electrons yog moog ib tug ntau dua kev ncua deb ntawm lub nucleus (orbit voos kheej-kheej nce). Txawm li cas los, vim hais tias cov proton nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yog, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov internal zog ntawm lub atom ua loj. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm ib tug tas mus lwm lub zog tswv yim yog heev ceev ceev electron rov qab mus rau nws lub yav dhau los orbit. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov tshaj ntawm nws lub zog yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic tawg.

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