Biochemistry enzymes. Qauv, lub zog thiab zog

Lub cell ntawm txhua tus kab mob, tsheej lab ntawm cov tshuaj tshua coj qhov chaw. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb, li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj cov kev ceev ntawm lom dab ib theem siab. Yuav luag txhua txhua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshwmsim los ntawm nws cov enzyme. Yuav ua li cas yog enzymes? Yuav ua li cas yog lawv cov luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub tawb?

Enzymes. txhais

Lub sij hawm "enzyme" yog muab tau los ntawm Latin fermentum - keeb. Tej zaum lawv kuj yuav hu ua enzymes los ntawm cov Greek en zyme - "nyob rau hauv leaps thiab ciam teb."

Enzymes - biologically active tshuaj, li ntawd, tej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell, tsis tau ua tsis tau lawv. Cov tebchaw ua raws li catalysts. Raws li, tej enzyme muaj ob lub ntsiab zog:

1) Enzyme accelerates tus biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis nws tsis noj.

2) Tus nqi ntawm cov equilibrium qhov tsis hloov, tiam sis tsuas yog accelerates tus kawm tau ntawm cov nqi no.

Enzymes kom biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv lub phav phav, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib tug lab lub sij hawm. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm cov enzyme system tag nrho cov intracellular dab tau zoo lawm, thiab cov cell nws tus kheej tuag. Yog li ntawd, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm enzymes li active cov khoom xyaw yog high school.

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm enzymes ua rau nws ua tau rau diversify tswj cell metabolism. Nyob rau hauv txhua cascade kev tshua noj ib feem ntau kawm txawv ntawm enzymes. Lom catalysts muaj lub siab selectivity los ntawm ib tug kev conformation ntawm lub molecule. T. Mus. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau enzymes yog protein nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog nyob rau hauv tertiary los yog quaternary qauv. Yog vim li cas yog dua tseem ntawm lub molecule.

Cov kev ua ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cell

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme - acceleration coj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tej cascade dab, vim decomposition ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab xaus glycolysis, yuav tsum tau muaj cov lom catalyst.

Kom cov lag luam ntawm enzymes tiav high tseem mus rau ib tug tej substrate. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub catalyst tsuas leeb tej yam tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tsis muaj ntau, txawm heev uas zoo sib xws. Los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm tseem ntawm lub enzyme, cov nram qab cov pab pawg:

1) enzymes nrog tsis tseem thaum tshwmsim los ntawm tsuas yog ib zaug xwb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, collagenase digests lub collagen, thiab maltase cleaves maltose.

2) cov enzymes nrog tus kwv tij things. Qhov no muaj xws li tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm catalyze ib tug tej yam hauv chav kawm ntawv txoj kev tshua, piv txwv li, hydrolytic cleavage.

biocatalyst ua hauj lwm pib nrog kev twb kev txuas ntawm nws active qhov chaw rau lub substrate. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tham txog lub complementary sis zoo ib yam li ib tug xauv thiab tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog hais txog mus rau ib tug tag nrho match nrog lub substrate ntaub ntawv lub active chaw, uas ua rau nws ua tau rau leeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej muaj nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws ceev nce los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub enzyme complex. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, peb tau txais lub enzyme, uas yog txuam nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.

Kawg theem - mus tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom los ntawm cov enzyme, tom qab uas lub active site dua ib zaug yuav pub dawb rau lwm lub lag luam.

Schematically, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme nyob rau txhua theem yuav sau li:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, qhov twg S - yog lub substrate, E - lub enzyme, thiab P - cov khoom.

kev faib ntawm enzymes

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm enzymes. Tag nrho cov kev paub txog lawv zog thiab kev ua hauj lwm tau systematized, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim muaj ib tug ntau kev faib tawm, los ntawm kev uas koj yuav yooj yim seb zoo li cas yog ib tug catalyst. Ntawm no yog rau yooj yim cov chav kawm ntawm enzymes, raws li zoo li ib co piv txwv ntawm pab pawg.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Enzymes ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv catalyze redox tshua. Tag nrho cov zoo tu qab tso 17 sub-pawg. Oxidoreductases yog feem ntau uas tsis yog-protein feem muab vitamin los yog heme.

Ntawm cov oxidoreductases yog feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau nram qab no pab pawg:

a) dehydrogenase. Biochemistry-dehydrogenase enzyme yog cleaving hydrogen atoms thiab hloov nws mus rau lwm substrate. Qhov no pab pawg yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm respiration, photosynthesis. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub dehydrogenase yog tas tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Coenzyme NAD / NADH los yog flavoproteins fad / FMN. Feem ntau muaj cov hlau ions. Piv txwv li enzymes xws li tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, thiab kuj muaj ntau lub siab enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, thiab hais txog. D.).

b) oxidases. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm enzymes catalyze qhov sib ntxiv ntawm oxygen mus rau hydrogen, uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom yuav yuav dej los yog hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Piv txwv ntawm enzymes cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase thiab catalase - enzymes uas catalyze lub decomposition H ₂ O ₂ mus rau dej thiab oxygen.

g) oxygenase. Cov biocatalysts leeb oxygen Symptoms mus rau lub substrate. Dofamingidroksilaza - ib qho ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm xws enzymes.

2. Transferases.

Target enzymes ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm radicals los ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub pub khoom rau cov neeg tau kev pab.

a) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - tseem ceeb enzymes uas tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm DNA replication. Methylation nucleotides plays ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm nucleic acid ua hauj lwm.

b) acyltransferase. Enzymes ntawm no pab pawg thauj los ntawm ib tug qauv rau lwm acyl pab pawg neeg. Piv txwv acyltransferases: lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (yog functional ib pawg nrog ib tug fatty acid nyob rau hauv cov roj cholesterol), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (acyl pab pawg neeg yog pauv mus rau lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - enzymes uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm amino acids. Piv txwv ntawm enzymes alanine aminotransferase uas catalyzes lub synthesis ntawm alanine los ntawm pyruvate thiab glutamate los mus hloov ib tug amino pab pawg neeg.

g) phosphotransferase. Enzymes catalyze qhov sib ntxiv ntawm no sub-pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pab pawg neeg phosphate. Lwm lub npe phosphotransferase kinase, yog ntau heev. Piv txwv li enzymes xws li hexokinase thiab aspartate, uas yog txuas mus rau lub hexose phosphate residues (feem ntau glucose), thiab aspartic acid , ntsig txog.

3. Hydrolases - ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm enzymes uas catalyze lub cleavage ntawm bonds nyob rau hauv lub molecule, ua raws li los ntawm tas li ntawd ntawm cov dej. Tshuaj uas yuav mus rau pab pawg neeg - lub ntsiab digestive enzyme.

a) esterases - txhaum lub ester bonds. Piv txwv li - lipases uas zom cov roj.

b) glycosidases. Biochemistry enzymes ntawm no series cov lus dag nyob rau hauv txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov glycoside bonds ntawm polymers (oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides). Piv txwv: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - enzymes uas catalyze lub neej puas ntawm cov nqaijrog rau cov amino acids. Peptidase txog enzymes xws li pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - muab siab npuab amide bonds. Piv txwv: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase etc. Muaj ntau amidase enzymes yog pom nyob rau hauv ornithine voj voog.

4. Lyases - enzymes rau kev khiav dej num zoo xws li cov hydrolases, txawm li cas los nyob rau hauv lub cleavage ntawm bonds nyob rau hauv molecules tsis noj dej. Enzymes ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv yeej muaj ib feem uas tsis yog-protein feem, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov vitamins B1 thiab B6.

a) decarboxylase. Cov enzymes ua rau lub C-C daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv yog glutamic acid decarboxylase los yog pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase thiab dehydratase - enzymes uas catalyze lub cleavage ntawm C-O bonds.

c) Tus amidine-lyases - rhuav tseg C-N daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv li: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. Tej enzymes no feem ntau yog cleaved ib phosphate pab pawg neeg los ntawm ib tug substrate khoom. QAUV: adenylyl cyclase.

Biochemistry ntawm enzymes raws li nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv

Lub peev xwm ntawm txhua enzyme yog txiav txim los ntawm tus neeg, tsuas yog nws xam qhovkev qauv. Tej enzyme - yog feem ntau protein, thiab nws cov qauv thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm folding ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nws txoj kev ua.

Txhua biocatalyst yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm lub active chaw, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau ntau cov kev haumxeeb chaw:

1) catalytic Center - ib tug tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam ntawm lub protein, nyob rau hauv uas lub enzyme ua raws li lub substrate. Nyob rau hauv lub conformation ntawm cov protein molecule catalytic chaw yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas yuav tsum tau sib haum mus rau lub substrate li zoo li ib tug xauv thiab tseem ceeb. Xws li ib tug complex qauv qhia txog yog vim li cas lub enzyme protein yog nyob rau hauv lub tertiary los yog quaternary lub xeev.

2) Adsorption Center - ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug "yas dhos". Ntawm no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm lub enzyme molecule thiab lub substrate molecule. Txawm li cas los, cov kev twb kev txuas uas ntaub ntawv lub adsorption center, muaj zog heev, thiab yog li lub catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog reversible ntawm no theem.

3) Allosteric chaw zov me nyuam tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub active center, thiab thoob plaws lub tag nrho nto ntawm lub enzyme. Lawv muaj nuj nqi - kev cai ntawm lub enzyme. Cai yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm molecules inhibitors thiab activators molecules.

Lub activator cov nqaijrog ruaj rau lub enzyme molecule, leeb nws lub lag luam. Contact lenses, on qhov tsis tooj, inhibit catalytic kev ua si, thiab qhov no yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: yog lub molecule uake mus rau lub allosteric chaw cheeb tsam ntawm lub active chaw ntawm lub enzyme (sib tw inhibition) los yog nws yog txuas mus rau lwm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub protein (noncompetitive inhibition). Sib tw inhibition yog suav tias yog zoo dua. Tom qab li kaw qhov chaw rau substrate ruaj rau lub enzyme, thiab tus txheej txheem no tsuas yog tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm suab tiav coincidence ntawm lub inhibitor molecule thiab tsim ib qho active chaw.

Enzyme feem ntau tsis muaj amino acids, tab sis kuj ntawm lwm yam organic thiab inorganic tshuaj. Raws li, cais apoenzyme - proteinaceous feem Coenzyme - organic moiety thiab cofactor - inorganic ib feem. Coenzyme tej zaum yuav sawv cev ulgevodami, Sibhawm, nucleic acids, vitamins. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub co-tau - yog feem ntau ib tug yuav txhawb tau hlau ions. Enzyme kev ua si yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov qauv: Ntxiv tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, hloov catalytic zog. Ntau hom enzymes - yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov yam tseem ceeb tsim ib tug complex.

Cai ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm enzymes

Enzymes li cov biologically active tshuaj yog tsis ib txwm tsim nyog rau hauv lub cev. Biochemistry ntawm enzymes yog hais tias lawv yuav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntev catalysis mob nyob hlwb. Yuav kom tiv thaiv teeb meem los ntawm lub cev cov enzymes tsim nyog los ua cas tswj lawv ua hauj lwm.

T. Mus. Enzymes yog protein nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog nkag rhuav pov tseg thaum kub muaj peevxwm. denaturation txheej txheem yog reversible, tab sis tej zaum nws yuav ho cuam tshuam rau lub substance.

pH kuj plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai. Maximum enzyme kev ua si yog feem ntau cai nyob nruab nrab pH (7,0-7,2). Kuj muaj enzymes uas ua hauj lwm xwb nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob los yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv alkaline. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub cellular lysosomes khaws cia tsawg pH, uas tus maximal kev ua ntawm hydrolytic enzymes. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lo lus kev sib cuag nrog lub cytoplasm, qhov twg cov ib puag ncig yog los ze zog mus nruab nrab, lawv cov kev ua yuav txo tau. Tej kev tiv thaiv los ntawm "samopoedaniya" yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hydrolase.

Nws yog ib nqi hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Coenzyme thiab cofactor nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm enzymes. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov vitamins los yog hlau ions ho cuam tshuam rau lub hauj lwm ntawm ib co kev enzymes.

Nomenclature ntawm enzymes

Tag nrho cov enzymes ntawm lub cev yog hu ua raws li lawv tej teej tug mus rau ib yam ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv, raws li zoo raws li lub substrate uas lawv hnov mob. Tej zaum lub systematic nomenclature siv tsis ib tiam sis ob tug ntawm cov substrate nyob rau hauv lub title.

Piv txwv ntawm cov npe ntawm ib co enzymes:

1. Siab enzymes: lactate degidrogen azÃ-glutamate-azÃ-degidrogen.
2. Tag nrho cov systematic lub npe ntawm lub enzyme: lactate + NAD-azà -oksidoredukt.

Fwm thiab tsis tseem ceeb npe, uas tsis ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm nomenclature. Piv txwv yog digestive enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm lub synthesis ntawm enzymes

Lub zog ntawm enzymes yog txiav txim twb nyob ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic theem. Txij li thaum lub molecule yog los ntawm thiab loj -. Protein, thiab nws synthesis yog raws nraim tib yam li cov txheej txheem ntawm transcription thiab txhais lus.

Synthesis enzymes tshwm sim raws li nram no. Chiv, DNA nyeem ntaub ntawv hais txog cov kev kawm enzyme tsim mRNA. Cov tub txib RNA encodes tag nrho cov amino acids uas yog ib feem ntawm lub enzyme. Cai ntawm enzymes kuj tshwm sim nyob rau DNA theem, yog hais tias tus khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwmsim txaus noob transcription nres thiab nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov khoom, nws activates transcription txheej txheem.

Thaum cov mRNA twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, lub theem tom ntej - broadcasting. Nyob rau ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum tsim thawj saw uas muaj cov amino acids txuas los ntawm peptide bonds. Txawm li cas los, cov protein molecule nyob rau hauv cov thawj qauv yuav tsis tau ua nws enzymatic muaj nuj nqi.

Lub enzyme ua si yog nyob rau ntawm cov protein ntau lug. Tib yam li EPS protein tshwm sim sib ntswg, li no txoj kev ua thawj theem nrab thiab ces tertiary qauv. Lub synthesis ntawm ib co enzymes yog nres ntawm no theem, tab sis lug txhim khu catalyst kev ua si yog feem ntau tsim nyog txuas thiab cofactor Coenzyme.

Nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm lub endoplasmic reticulum los txuas organic Cheebtsam ntawm lub enzyme: suab thaj, nucleic acids, Sibhawm thiab vitamins. Ib txhia enzymes yuav tsis ua hauj lwm tsis muaj tus xub ntiag ntawm lub Coenzyme.

Cofactor plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein. Ib txhia ntawm cov kev khiav dej num ntawm enzymes yog muaj tsuas yog thaum lub protein sau lub koom haum. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau lawv muaj quaternary qauv nyob rau hauv uas ib tug sib pab sib txuas ntau protein globules yog ib tug hlau ion.

Ntau ntaub ntawv ntawm cov enzymes

Muaj tej yam teeb meem thaum nws yog tsim nyog lub xub ntiag ntawm ob peb enzymes uas catalyze tib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib co respects. Piv txwv li, lub enzyme yuav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 20 degrees, tab sis nyob rau 0 degrees, nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus ua nws zog. Yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no, lub neej lub cev thaum uas tsis muaj kub?

Qhov teeb meem no yog yooj yim daws tau los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ob peb enzymes uas catalyze tib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis nyob rau hauv txawv ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov enzymes:

1. Isoenzymes. Tej proteins uas encoded los ntawm txawv noob, lawv tseem muaj li ntawm ntau amino acids, tab sis catalyze tib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
2. Yeej muaj tseeb ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Cov proteins uas transcribed los ntawm tib lub noob, tab sis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ribosomes kev hloov kho peptides. Thaum cov qhov tso zis ua ob peb ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tib enzyme.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov thawj hom yog tsim nyob rau kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic theem, thaum lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub post-Translational.

Lub ntsiab lus enzymes

Kev siv cov enzymes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj los rau qhov teeb meem ntawm tshiab tshuaj, raws li ib feem ntawm uas cov tshuaj yog twb nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntau. Zaum tau tseem tsis tau pom ib txoj kev mus tsim kho lub synthesis ntawm uas ploj lawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev, tab sis yog tam sim no dav faib tshuaj uas yuav ua rau lub caij ntawm lawv disadvantage.

Ntau hom kev enzymes hauv cell catalyze ntau ntau cov kev sib tshuam nrog kev tswj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ib qho zoo li no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg ntawm nuclease: endonuclease thiab exonuclease. Lawv ua hauj lwm yog los tswj cov theem ntawm nucleic acids hauv lub cell, tshem DNA thiab RNA puas.

Tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntshav khaus. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv, tus txheej txheem no yog tswj los ntawm ntau hom kev txwv ntawm enzymes. Qhov loj yog trombin, uas hloov pauv roj ntsha protein fibrinogen mus rau active fibrin. Nws threads tsim ib hom ntawm lub network uas clogs lub site ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub nkoj, li no tiv thaiv ntau cov ntshav poob.

Enzymes yog siv hauv winemaking, brewing, tau ntau yam khoom noj fermented. Poov muaj peev xwm siv los tsim cov cawv los ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, txawm li cas los xij, tus extract ntawm lawv yog txaus rau txoj kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev no.

Cov ntsiab lus tseeb uas koj tsis paub

- Tag nrho cov enzymes ntawm lub cev muaj ib qho loj loj - los ntawm 5000 mus rau 1,000,000 Da. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov protein nyob hauv molecule. Rau kev sib piv: qhov hnyav ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom haum yog 180 xyoo, thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide yog 44 Tsaus.

- Txog hnub tim, ntau tshaj 2,000 tus enzymes tau nrhiav pom tias tau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis tau to taub tag nrho.

- Cov kev ua ntawm cov enzymes yog siv los mus nrhiav tau cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo. Ntawm no, cov enzymes ua rau tib lub luag haujlwm xws li hauv lub cev: lawv tua cov organic, thiab cov cuab yeej no pabcuam nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam stains. Nws raug nquahu kom siv lub xab npus zoo li ntawm qhov kub tsis muaj siab tshaj 50 degree, txwv tsis pub cov txheej txheem denaturation yuav tshwm sim.

- Raws li kev txheeb cais, 20% ntawm cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tsis muaj ib yam ntawm cov enzymes.

- Lawv paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov enzymes ib lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis tsuas yog hauv 1897 tus neeg pom tau hais tias kev haus dej qab zib rau hauv dej cawv, koj siv tau cov poov xwb, tab sis ib qho extract ntawm lawv lub hlwb.