Bronze - ib tug hlau. bronze nta

Bronze - yog ib tug hlau uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tooj liab. Cov yuav txhawb tau cov hlau yuav ua tau npib tsib xee, zinc, tin, txhuas, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib hom, hauj nta, chem. bronze muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab cov hau kev rau nws cov siv thiab ua.

kev faib

1. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pawg. Tus thawj - ib tug tin bronze. Lawv tin yog lub ntsiab alloying caij. Ob - Tinless. Hauv qab no peb tham txog qhov no nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

2. hauj nta bronze yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv wrought thiab cam khwb cia alloys. Tus thawj yog zoo licas nyob rau hauv siab. Cov yav tas yog siv nyob rau hauv zoo li tus castings.

Qhov no hlau piv nrog dag muaj ib tug zoo npaum li cas los tiv thaiv-kev sib txhuam, txhua yam khoom thiab corrosion kuj. Yeej tseem zoo, bronze - tooj liab-tin hlau (raws li lub ntsiab koom haum pab neeg). Npib tsib xee thiab zinc no yeej tsis loj alloying ntsiab siv rau lub hom phiaj no Cheebtsam xws li txhuas, tin, manganese, pob zeb ntais, txhuas, hlau, beryllium, chromium, phosphorus, magnesium, zirconium thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tin bronze: casting

Cia peb kawm saib ua li cas yuav muab ib tug xws li hlau. Tin bronze (yees duab hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias cov cam khwb cia qhov chaw) - ib tug fusion uas muaj fluidity qis dua cov lwm hom. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj ib tug tsis tseem ceeb txaus volumetric shrinkage, uas tso cai rau kom tau zoo li tus bronze casting. Cov zog ua rau lub active daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub casting ntawm tooj dag antifriction qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub alloys siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua li qub npaj rau kev siv nyob rau hauv lub aqueous nruab nrab (xws li seawater) los yog nyob rau hauv chav, thiab nyob rau hauv roj nyob rau hauv kub siab. Muaj thiaj li hu ua uas tsis yog-tus qauv casting bronze tseem ceeb heev daim ntaub ntawv. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm bearings, zog, bushings, twj tso kua mis qhov chaw, malouplotnitelnyh rings. Cov chaw no yog tsim los ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kub siab nyob speeds siab thiab tsis muaj loads.

lead bronze

Qhov no subspecies ntawm casting tin alloys siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua bearings, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab zoo li tus castings. Tsiag ntawv bronze xws tsawg txhua yam khoom, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm manufacturing kev coj tus kheej nroj thiab lawv tsuas thov rau cov steel substrate raws li ib tug heev nyias txheej. Lub alloys ntawm tib nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus tin muaj dua txhua yam khoom. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav siv tsis tau ib tug hlau moj khaum.

Tin bronze: wrought

Alloys ua siab yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no pab pawg: tin-phosphorous, tin-zinc thiab tin-zinc-lead. Lawv tau thov nyob rau hauv lub sis plawv hniav thiab cov ntawv kev lag luam (xws li ua rau daim phiaj) thiab mechanical engineering (zus tau tej cov springs, bearings thiab tshuab qhov chaw). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua bimetallic khoom, rods, tapes, bands, zog, zog, bushings thiab hnyav luag hauj lwm cov tsheb thauj khoom gaskets, hlab instrumentation, manometric springs. Nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob ntau siv bronze (deformable) yog piav qhia los zoo heev txhua yam khoom (ua ke uas muaj hluav taws xob kev kawm). Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ntawm tam sim no-nqa springs, ntsaws connectors, hu. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam ntawm tin bronzes tsim caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau nyob rau hauv precision mechanics - haum, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kev lag luam - scrapers, nyob rau hauv lub tsheb thiab tsheb - bushings thiab bearings.

Cov alloys yuav tau nkag nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom, khoom, semi-khoom thiab muag muag (annealed) mob. Tin bronzes no feem ntau yog ua txias txias (los ntawm dov los yog duab). Kub hlau yog pressed xwb. Nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm lub bronze yog txig tiav nyob rau hauv lub txias thiab kub.

beryllium bronze

Qhov no alloy belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg muaj hnub nyoog-hardenable hlau. Nws possesses siab txhua yam, lub cev, thiab elastic zog. Beryllium bronze muaj ib theem siab ntawm tshav kub tsis kam, corrosion kuj thiab qaug zog lub zog. Nws yog resistant kom tsawg kub, tsis yog tus hlau nplaum thiab tiv thaiv sparks raws li qhov feem. Tempering beryllium bronze yog nqa tawm ntawm kub ntawm 750-790 degrees Celsius. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cobalt, hlau thiab npib tsib xee pab thaum tshav kub kub kho deceleration theem kev hloov kom, qhov no zoo heev tswj txoj kev laus thiab hardening technology. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm npib tsib xee yeej txhawb cov recrystallization kub, thiab manganese tej zaum yuav hloov, yog hais tias tsis tag nrho, kim beryllium. Qhov saum toj no cov yam ntxwv tso cai rau cov bronze hlau siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov springs, lub resilient qhov chaw thiab lub week nyob rau hauv lub watch kev lag luam.

Tooj hlau nrog manganese

Tej tshwj xeeb bronze yus siab txhua yam khoom. Nws daws lub siab raws li nyob rau hauv lub txias, tseem kub. Qhov no hlau yog yus muaj los ntawm kub lub zog thiab corrosion kuj. Cov hlau ntawm tooj liab nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm manganese tau lug siv nyob rau hauv lub combustion fixture.

Silicon bronze

Qhov no alloy, uas muaj xws li npib tsib xee, yam tsawg kawg - manganese. Xws li ib tug txawv hlau ultrahigh mechanical, anti-kev sib txhuam thiab elastic zog. Thaum zoo li no silicon bronze loses nws plasticity thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Zoo solder hlau yog kho nyob rau high school siab thiab tsis sov. Saib hlau hlau nplaum no tsis tsis muaj sparks raws li qhov feem. Qhov no piav txog cov thoob plaws siv bronze (silicon) nyob rau hauv marine shipbuilding kev lag luam nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua antifriction qhov chaw, bearings, springs, gratings, evaporators, sob thiab cov phau ntawv qhia bushings.

Foundry alloys Tinless

Qhov no hom yog yus muaj los ntawm zoo xeb bronzes, zawv zawg zog thiab siab zog. Lawv yog siv rau qhov siv thiab qhov chaw uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv kev mob loj tej yam kev mob. Qhov no, piv txwv li, lub zog, li qub, tes tsho, zog rau lub hwj chim turbines thiab cranes, cua nab uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv TXIM nrog tawv steel qhov chaw, bearings, kev khiav hauj lwm thaum muaj kev kub siab thiab poob siab chaw thau khoom.

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau bronze?

Fabrication ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb furnaces siv rau melting tooj liab hlau. Tus nqi rau bronze yuav tsum yog los ntawm tshiab hlau los yog nrog tus ntxiv ntawm cov theem nrab pov tseg. Lub melting txheej txheem yog feem ntau yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug flux txheej los yog charcoal.

Cov txheej txheem siv ib tug tshiab them nyiaj ntawm hlau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ib theem zuj zus. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv hnyav ncawv loaded cub preheated yuav tsum tau npaum li cas flux los yog charcoal. Ces muaj tso tooj liab. Tos kom txog thaum nws melting, cov cua kub kub yog muaj zog rau 1170 degrees. Tom qab ntawd, cov yaj yuav tsum tau deoxidized, uas yog ntxiv phosphorous tooj liab. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv: ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, thiab ces nyob rau hauv ib tug ladle. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv additive yog nkag tau rau hauv sib npaug zos proportions. Ntxiv mus, lub qhuav tau ntxiv sov mus rau 120 degrees tsim nyog alloying ntsiab. Refractory Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tswv alloys. Tom ntej no, lub molten bronze (duab, hauv qab no qhia melting txheej txheem) tau do kom txog thaum tiav xaus ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab rhuab mus rau ib tug predetermined kub. Thaum muab lub resulting hlau los ntawm lub cub tawg, ua ntej casting, nws yuav tsum kiag deoxidized residue (50%) phosphorous tooj liab. Qhov no yog ua kom tso cov oxides ntawm bronze thiab txhim kho fluidity ntawm lub qhuav.

Smelting raws li siv ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim bronze siv theem nrab co thiab khib qhuav yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no kev txiav txim. Thawj yaj tooj liab thiab phosphorous deoxidized nws additives. Ces ntxiv mus rau lub yaj siv cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, tos kiag melted hlau thiab lub alloying ntsiab yog nkag tau rau hauv ib theem zuj zus. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias tus nqi yog li ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm ntshiab tooj liab, nws yog tsim nyog ua ntej mus yaj co tam sim no, thiab ces ntxiv tooj liab thiab alloying ntsiab. Melting yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug flux txheej los yog charcoal.

Tom qab melting tus nqi thiab cua sov nws mus rau ib yam kev zaum kawg kub yog muaj ib tug sib tov ntawm phosphorous deoxidized tooj liab. Ntxiv mus, lub qhuav yog them rau sab saum toj nrog cub-qhuav thee los yog cov qhuav flux. kawg tau ntawm 2-3 feem pua los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm hlau. Lub rhuab qhuav yog khaws cia rau 20-30 feeb, tseg do, thiab ces muab tshem tawm los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub slag. Txhua yam yog npaj txhij rau lub bronze casting. Rau zoo dua kev tshem tawm ntawm slag nyob rau hauv lub ladle yuav ntxiv quartz xuab zeb, uas thickens nws. Yuav kom txiav txim rau casting rau hauv pwm npaj seb bronze, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb kev siv technology tshiab qauv. Puas ntawm cov qauv yuav tsum niaj hnub zoo li thiab dawb huv.

txhuas bronze

Qhov no tooj liab thiab txhuas hlau li ib tug alloying caij. Lub melting txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau yog tshuam txawv los ntawm lub saum toj no vim cov tshuaj yam ntxwv ntawm lub koom haum pab tivthaiv. Xav txog yuav ua li cas kom siv txhuas bronze nrog alloying Cheebtsam. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm no hom ntawm alloy uas siv siv ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tus nqi lag luam deoxidation phosphorous Cheebtsam tsis thov. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov phosphor muaj ib tug tsawg dua affinity rau lub oxygen molecules tshaj txhuas. Tsis tas li ntawd yuav tsum paub hais tias qhov no zoo ntawm bronze yog rhiab heev rau thaum tshav kub kub, yog li tus kub yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 1200 degrees. Nyob rau hauv lub overheated lub xeev ntawm cov oxidized txhuas thiab bronze hlau yog noo nrog roj cua. Tsis tas li ntawd, oxide, tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub melting ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm bronze, yog tsis rov qab los los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm reductants, thiab nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau tshem tawm los ntawm qhuav. Lub oxide zaj duab xis muaj ib tug heev melting kub, uas ho thiaj li fluidity thiab ua bronze sib yuav. Melting yog nqa tawm sai heev, nyob rau hauv sab qaum kev txwv ntawm cov cua kub kub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob ncua lub tiav lawm yaj nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg. Thaum melting txhuas bronze raws li ib tug txheej txheej nws yog pom zoo kom siv ib tug flux uas muaj 50% dej qab zib tshauv , thiab 50% cryolite.

Npaj yaj ua ntej casting nyob rau hauv ntaub ntawv ua neeg dawb huv los ntawm qhia nyob rau ntawd manganese chloride los yog zinc chloride (0.2-0.4% los ntawm luj ntawm tus nqi). Tom qab txoj kev ua no, lub alloy yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau tsib feeb kom txog thaum lub teb cessation ntawm roj evolution. Cov sib tov twb ces kho rau cov yam kub thiab poured rau hauv molds.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv kom txhob theem sib cais nyob rau hauv lub qhuav bronze nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau lead impurities (50-60%) nws yog advisable mus ntxiv 2-2.3% npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee tswv hlau. Los yog raws li ib tug flux yuav tsum tau siv alkali hlau sulphate ntsev. Npib tsib xee, silver, manganese, yog hais tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub bronze yuav muab ntxiv rau lub yaj mus rau lub tin additive txoj kev. Ntxiv mus, los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau yog hloov nws tej zaum me additives raws li refractory hlau.