Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm zib fermentation. Hom, tus nqi thiab fermentation khoom

Fermentation ntawm zib - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab tshua los ntawm cov uas nws yog ua tau qhov kev npaj ntawm dej cawv haus. Nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, txhua tus uas ib tug neeg khoom uas tsim. Qhov no txoj kev plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub neej, txij li thaum ua noj ua haus thiab kev npaj ntawm kua txiv hmab thiab vodka thiab xaus los ntawm kev tshua nyob rau hauv peb lub cev.

zaj dabneeg

Tus txheej txheem ntawm fermentation ntawm piam thaj thiab lwm yam suab thaj siv ib tug ntau ancient cov neeg. Lawv noj ib tug me ntsis khoom noj khoom haus podbrodivshuyu. Qhov no zaub mov yog nyob xeeb dua qub vim hais tias nws muaj cawv, cov uas tua ntau teeb meem kab mob. Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt thiab Babylon, cov neeg twb paub yuav ua li cas rau ferment ntau tej dej qab zib thiab mis nyuj haus. Thaum cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th xyoo pua muaj peev xwm to taub tus txheej txheem no, nws hom thiab lub caij rau cov kev txhim kho, zoo heev muaj zog zoo industries xws li kvaso-, brewing thiab wine-vodka.

hom ntawm fermentation

Oddly txaus, tab sis cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Thiab differing hom zib fermentation kawg khoom. Yog li, muaj lactic acid, haus dej cawv, citric acid, acetone, butyric thiab ib ob peb lwm. Wb tham me ntsis txog txhua yam nyias. Lactic ferment zib - qhov tseem ceeb cov txheej txheem rau qhov kev npaj ntawm cov khoom xws li yogurt, qaub cream, yogurt, tsev cheese. Nws kuj yog siv rau preservation ntawm zaub thiab ua ib tug tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv peb lub cev: nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm tsis muaj oxygen, qabzib yog hloov dua siab tshiab mus rau qhov kawg khoom - lactic acid, uas ua rau mob nyob rau hauv cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm ib ce muaj zog thiab ib tug me ntsis tom qab.

Alcoholic fermentation txawv nyob rau hauv uas lub ethyl cawv tsim raws li ib tug khoom zaum kawg. Nws los nrog kev pab los ntawm micro-kab - poov xab. Thiab plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ntsiab khoom thaum lub sij hawm dej fermentation ntawm zib tso carbon dioxide (qhov no piav txog cov fluffiness poov xab ua khob noom cookie).

Citric acid fermentation yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, raws li nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus twv, tsim citric acid. Nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej hom ntawm fungi thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub Krebs voj voog, uas muab lub ua pa ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv peb lub cev.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov butyric acid. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tsim nyob rau butyric acid, butyl thiab ethyl alcohols, acetone thiab carbon dioxide. Thaum butyric fermentation yog tsim tsuas title coj acid thiab carbon dioxide.

Tam sim no peb yuav xav txog tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab pib nrog cov qauv rau kev - lub cawv fermentation ntawm qabzib. Nws yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv kom meej tag nrho cov tshuaj thiab nuances ntawm lawv tshwm sim.

dej fermentation

Qhia me ntsis ntxiv hais txog cov zib fermentation, uas kab zauv: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO _2. Yuav ua li cas yuav koj kawm tau los ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no? Peb muaj ob yam khoom: ethyl cawv thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Vim lub xeem peb pom vzbuhanie poov xab ua khob noom cookie. Tab sis vim yog thawj muaj ib lub sij hawm kom tau ib tug unforgettable saj ntawm cawu cub thiab wine khoom. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb no yog ib tug yooj yim to taub kab zauv. glucose fermentation tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ntau yooj yim, thiaj li cia tus Cia peb kawm txog qhov no ib me ntsis ntxaum.

Muaj xws li ib tug txheej txheem raws li glycolysis. Cia, lub npe txhais tau tias "splitting ntawm qab zib". Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab nws sab-product yog pyruvic acid, thiab lub ntsiab - adenozinotrifosfornaya acid (ATP), uas yog tsim nyob rau lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm lwm tus compound. Peb yuav hais tias ATP yog ib cov cab kuj ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb glycolysis yog muab peb lub cev nrog lub zog.

Peb tsis txhob txwm muaj kev txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub fermentation yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau glycolysis, raws li cov thawj theem lawv yog kiag li zoo tib yam. Koj yuav txawm hais tias lub cawv fermentation ntawm zib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib tug continuation ntawm glycolysis. Tsim thaum lub sij hawm tas los pyruvate (ion pyruvic acid) yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau acetaldehyde (CH ₃ C (O) H) nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm by-product carbon dioxide. Tom qab ntawd, lub resulting khoom yog txo Coenzyme NADH muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Rov qab tau nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ethanol.

Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm zib fermentation rau ethanol zoo li no:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ NAD +

NADH yog ib lub hauv paus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ion NAD ⁺ ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm glycolysis, thiab txoj kev nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm dej cawv fermentation, yog rov qab mus rau tus txheej txheem.

Wb tawm mus rau lub tom ntej no ntau yam ntawm kev xeem hom tshuaj.

Lactic fermentation ntawm zib

Los ntawm no hom ntawm cov cawv yog txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias muaj yog tsis nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov poov xab, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lactic acid cov kab mob. Yog li ntawd, peb muaj ib tug txawv kiag li cov khoom. Lactic fermentation kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb leeg nyob rau high school loads thiab tsis muaj kev oxygen.

Nws muaj ob hom ntawm tus txheej txheem no. Thawj - homofermentative fermentation. Yog hais tias koj twb puas tau hnov cov prefix "homo", tej zaum koj paub tias dab tsi nws txhais tau tias. Homofermentative fermentation - ib tug txheej txheem uas muaj ib zaug xwb enzyme. Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam ntawm glycolysis thiab tsim piroviogradnaya acid. Ces, lub resulting pyruvate (nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj no acid yuav nyob ua ib ke xwb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions) yog raug hydrogenation siv NADH ⁺ H thiab lactate. Yuav txo tau ntawm cov khoom yog lactic acid, uas yuav muab hais txog 90% ntawm lub resulting khoom thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no compound, txawm li cas los, kuj yuav tsim raws li ob tug sib txawv isomers: D thiab L. Cov txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv yog daim iav dluab ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab, yog li ntawd, muaj ntau los rau peb kab mob. Uas isomer yuav tsim mus rau ib tug ntau dua li, thiab txiav txim seb cov qauv ntawm cov lactate dehydrogenase.

Wb tawm mus rau lub thib ob hom ntawm lactic acid fermentation - heterofermentative. Qhov no txoj kev yuav ob peb enzymes, thiab nws mus nyob rau ntau yooj yim txoj kev. Vim hais tias ntawm no, thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim tawm ntau ntau cov khoom: dhau li ntawm lactic acid, peb yuav nrhiav tau muaj acetic acid thiab ethyl cawv.

Ntawm no yog peb maum kuaj cov lactic fermentation. Qhov no yog tus txheej txheem uas peb yuav txaus siab rau qhov saj ntawm tsev cheese, yogurt, qaub mis nyuj thiab kua mis nyeem qaub. Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug thiab sau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lactic acid fermentation ntawm zib nyob rau hauv lub dav dav daim ntawv: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim to taub daim duab ntawm tus txheej txheem homofermentative fermentation, raws li txawm lub heterofermentative txheej txheem tswvyim yuav nyuaj heev. Chemists tseem kawm lactic fermentation ntawm piam thaj thiab ascertain tag nrho nws cov mechanisms, ces peb tseem yuav tau mus.

citrate fermentation

Tshua ntawm no hom ntawm fermentation tshwm sim, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug dej cawv, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tej yam fungi lim. Sau kom tiav mechanism ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog tsis to taub, thiab peb muaj peev xwm tsuas cia siab rau tej simplifications. Txawm li cas los muaj yog lub assumption tias cov thawj zaug rau theem ntawm txoj kev no glycolysis. Ces pyruvic acid yog hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv lem mus rau txawv acid thiab citric nce mus txog. Tshuav rau xws li ib tug mechanism lwm acids sau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - cov khoom ntawm tsis tiav oxidation ntawm qabzib.

Qhov no txoj kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov pa, thiab feem ntau nws yuav sau los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3O ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Ua ntej no hom ntawm fermentation qhib, cov neeg muab rho citric acid tsuas nyem lub sib nug xov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no txiv qaub acid tsis tshaj 15%, txawm li cas los, qhov no txoj kev muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau pab tsis tau yus, thiab tom qab qhib ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txais tag nrho cov acid fermentation txoj kev.

butyric acid fermentation

Wb tawm mus rau lub tom ntej no hom. Qhov no hom ntawm fermentation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm butyric acid cov kab mob. Lawv yog cov thoob plaws, thiab cov txheej txheem hais tias lawv ua, plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv biologically tseem ceeb mus. Nrog rau cov kab mob thiab cov decomposition ntawm tuag kab mob. Butyric acid, uas yog tsim nyob rau thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws tsis hnov tsw attracts tsuag.

Qhov no hom ntawm fermentation siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam. Raws li tej zaum koj yuav twv, lawv yog butyric acid. Nws esters yog lug siv nyob rau hauv perfumery thiab muaj ib tug tsw qab, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau nws cov feem ntau. Txawm li cas los, tsis yeej ib txwm lub butyric acid fermentation yog lig. Nws yuav ua kev puas tsuaj rau zaub, zaub mov kaus poom, mis nyuj thiab lwm yam khoom. Tab sis qhov no yuav tshwm sim yog hais tias qhov khoom tuaj butyric acid cov kab mob.

Cia peb kawm cov mechanism ntawm butyric acid fermentation ntawm qabzib. Tshua nws zoo li: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H _2. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub zog yog tseem generated, uas muab lub neej kev ua ntawm butyric acid cov kab mob.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation

Qhov no hom yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov butyric acid. Wander nyob rau hauv no txoj kev tau tsis tau tsuas yog qab zib tab sis kuj glycerol, thiab pyruvic acid. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ob theem: thawj (thiab tej zaum nws yog hu ua acid) yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ib butyric acid fermentation. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus roj, nws sawv tseem thiab acetic acid. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas peb tau txais cov khoom los ntawm fermentation ntawm qabzib, uas mus rau hauv lub thib ob theem (atsetonobutilovuyu). Vim hais tias qhov no tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw kuj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov kab mob, ces tus acidification ntawm qhov nruab nrab (nce nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm acids) yog ib qho nyiaj ntawm tej enzymes kab mob. Lawv ntxias cov conversion tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm zib fermentation khoom nyob rau hauv n-butanol (butyl cawv) thiab acetone. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav yuav tsim ib co ethanol.

Lwm yam kev fermentation

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov tsib hom ntawm txoj kev no, muaj ib tug ob peb ntau. Piv txwv li, nws yog acetic fermentation. Nws kuj noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau cov kab mob. Qhov no hom ntawm fermentation yuav siv tau rau pab lub hom phiaj thaum pickling. Nws tiv thaiv cov zaub mov los ntawm teeb meem kab mob thiab pathogens. Ntau qhov txawv alkaline los yog methane fermentation. Tsis zoo li yav dhau los hom, hom fermentation yuav nqa tawm rau feem ntau ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm complex tshua, organic tshuaj decomposed rau hauv methane, hydrogen thiab carbon dioxide.

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm

Fermentation - lub feem ntau ancient txoj kev zog los ntawm muaj sia nyob. Ib txhia organic tshuaj raug ua, ib txhij tau txais lub zog, thiab lwm leej lwm tus puas cov tshuaj kuj tau zog. Raws li hais tias, peb lub neej tag nrho. Thiab peb txhua tus fermentation nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm tshwm sim. Raws li peb hais saum toj no, lub lactic acid fermentation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nqaij thaum lub sij hawm khaus ib ce muaj zog.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus mus xyuas?

Yog hais tias koj xav nyob rau hauv lub biochemistry ntawm no heev nthuav cov txheej txheem, peb yuav tsum pib los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS thiab biology. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam kawm ntawv qib siab cov phau ntawv yog piav raws li ntxaws khoom uas tom qab nyeem ntawv rau lawv tias koj yuav tsum tau los ua ib tug kws muaj txuj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no.

xaus

Ntawm no yog peb tuaj mus rau thaum xaus. Peb rhuav tag nrho cov hom ntawm zib fermentation thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov dab, uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub hauj lwm uas muaj sia nyob, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv peb kev lag luam. Nws yog tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej peb yuav qhib ib tug ob peb ntau hom ntawm no ancient cov txheej txheem thiab kawm kom paub siv lawv rau cov kev pab ntawm lawv tus kheej, raws li lawv tau nrog cov twb paub rau peb.