Hydrogen oxide: kev npaj thiab cov khoom

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab ntau yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, ntawm chav kawm, cov dej. Yuav ua li cas yuav piv nrog nws nyob rau hauv tseem ceeb? Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog ua tau tsuas nrog lub advent ntawm cov kua. Raws li cov dej yog ib tug (hydrogen oxide), los ntawm ib tug tshuaj taw tes ntawm view? Yuav ua li cas nws yog nyob rau hauv thiab dab tsi cov khoom? Sim kom to taub txog qhov no tsab xov xwm.

Hydrogen thiab nws cov tebchaw

Qhov yooj yim atom nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntawm lub periodic system - hydrogen. Nws tuav ib tug dual txoj hauj lwm, dag nyob rau hauv lub pab pawg ntawm halogens, raws li zoo raws li cov thawj pab pawg neeg thiab cov alkali hlau. Yuav ua li cas qhia txog tej nta? Nws plhaub hluav taws xob qauv ntawm ib tug atom. Nws muaj tsuas yog ib electron, uas yuav ua tau ib qho yooj yim raws li so, thiab muab nws tus kheej rau lwm tus, txoj kev ua ib khub, thiab ua kom tiav cov txheej txheej.

Uas yog vim li cas lub ntsiab thiab tsuas yog tus degree ntawm oxidation ntawm lub ntsiab 1 thiab -1. Nws yooj yim reacts nrog co txoj kev hydrides - involatile khoom ntsev zoo li compound ntawm dawb xim.

Txawm li cas los kuj yooj yim generates hydrogen molecules thiab volatile tshuaj interacting nrog nonmetals. Piv txwv li:

• hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane SiH ₄ thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub tebchaw hydrogen generates txaus. Txawm li cas los, qhov tseem ceeb yeeb tshuaj, uas nws yog muaj, yog hydrogen oxide uas nws mis yog H ₂ O. Qhov no yog ib lub npe hu compound uas paub cov mis txawm thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv tus menyuam kawm ntawv, tseem tsis tau paub nrog lub Science News for KIDS. Tom qab dej (thiab qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws oxide ntawm hydrogen) - tsis tsuas cov khoom, tab sis los ntawm qhov uas lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no.

Tus heev lub npe ntawm lub caij qhia nws cov ntsiab essence - hydrogen, piv txwv li "muab yug rau cov dej." Zoo li lwm yam kev oxide, active kuj yog ib tug binary compound muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv uas txawv cov dej los ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam sib txuas.

Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tebchaw uas tsim hydrogen yog acids, ob qho tib si organic thiab pob zeb hauv av.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen

Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm reactivity, hydrogen - sufficiently muaj zog kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam kev tshua nws qhia tau hais tias xws li cov khoom. Txawm li cas los, cov sis raug zoo nrog lwm muaj zog hlau, nws yuav oxidant.

Heev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev lag luam yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen nrog hlau oxides. Nws yog ib txoj kev ntawm tau txais qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv. Vodorodotermiya - ib tug metallurgical txoj kev rau synthesis ntawm ntshiab hlau oxides los ntawm txo nrog hydrogen.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen oxide muaj tej yam nram no rau daim ntawv: Kuv _x O _y + H ₂ = H ₂ O + kuv.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog tsis yog tib txoj kev rau lub synthesis ntawm ntshiab hlau. Muaj lwm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, lub hydrogen yuav txo tau ntawm oxides - sufficiently energetically paaj thiab yooj yim tsim txoj kev uas tau pom ntau daim ntawv thov.

Tsis tas li ntawd nthuav yog lub feature uas thaum tov nrog cua, hydrogen gas yuav tsim ib tug heev sib tov xav. Nws lub npe yog detonating roj. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau tus nqi ntawm ob tagnrho cov hydrogen rau ib oxygen.

Dej - hydrogen oxide

Lub fact tias cov oxide yog qho tseem ceeb heev, peb twb hais ob peb zaug. Tam sim no, qhia rau peb tuab nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Science News for KIDS. Yog no compound zwm rau hoob no los ntawm inorganic tshuaj?

Ua li no, sim sau me ntsis txawv mis: H ₂ O = HOH. Cov kab hauv qab yog tib yam li lub xov tooj ntawm atoms ntawm cov qub, tiam sis, nws yog tam sim no kom meej hais tias peb fim ib tug hydroxide. Yuav ua li cas cov khoom yuav tsum nws muaj? Xav txog cov dissociation ntawm lub tebchaw:

HOH = H ⁺ + OH ^-.

Li ntawd, cov thaj chaw ntawm lub acidic, vim hais tias cov hydrogen tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau hauv lub cations. Dhau li lub ntsiab uas lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tsis tau tsuas yog tsim tom qab lub alkali hlau.

Yog li ntawd, lwm lub npe uas muaj hydrogen oxide - oxyacid yooj yim heev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Thaum xws complex weave cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug muab molecule, thiaj li, nws lub zog yuav tsum tshwj xeeb. Thiab khoom no repelled los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecule, ces nws thiab tsom xam.

Tus qauv ntawm cov dej molecule

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov qauv no xav Niels Bohr, thiab nws belongs rau lub championship thiab cov authorship ntawm no qhov teeb meem. Lawv teem lub nram qab no nta.

1. Cov dej molecule - ib tug dipole, txij li thaum lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv zoo heev txawv tiag tiag electronegativity.
2. Nws zoo yog voos, thaum lub hauv paus - hydrogen, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj - qhov oxygen.
3. Vim li no cov qauv, lub tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev hydrogen bonds raws li ntawm lub tib lub lwg me me, thiab lwm yam sib txuas muaj ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg xav electronegative caij.

Saib raws li saib hydrogen zoo schematically oxide, yuav pictured hauv qab no.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen oxide

ib co yooj yim yam ntxwv nta yuav tau piav.

1. Form: gaseous - vapor, kua, khoom - daus, dej khov.
2. Boiling point - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Melting point - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Dej ntsws thaum rhuab nyob rau hauv lub kub ntau ntawm 0-4 ⁰ C. Qhov no piav txog cov tsim ntawm cov dej khov nyob rau hauv tus nto, uas muaj ib tug sab ceev thiab preservation ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm hydrogen oxide.
5. Lub siab tus nqi ntawm lub tshav kub muaj peev xwm, Txawm li cas los, muaj tsawg kawg nkaus thermal conductivity.
6. Nyob rau hauv lub kua hauv lub xeev hydrogen oxide teev viscosity.
7. Ib qho khoom ntiag tug tej zaum yuav hu ua tus nto nro thiab tsim los ntawm qhov tsis zoo hluav taws xob tej zaum rau ntawm qhov chaw.

Raws li peb hais saum toj no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom nyob ntawm seb lub tsev. Yog li ntawd nws yog nyob ntawm no. Muaj peev xwm mus tsim hydrogen bonds coj mus rau zoo xws li cov nta ntawm lub compound.

Hydrogen oxide: Tshuaj khoom

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Science News for KIDS, cov dej ua si yog siab txaus. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tawm los rau tshua nrog cua kub. Yuav ua li cas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting oxide hydrogen?

1. Nrog co uas yog nyob rau hauv kab voltages rau hydrogen. Yog li cov tshaj cum (rau Al) tsis xav tau kev mob, thiab muaj ib sab kom txhob muaj hwj chim los hnov mob nrog chav xwb. Cov uas yog, tom qab hydrogen, yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus koom nyob rau hauv xws kev sib tshuam.
2. Nrog uas tsis yog-hlau. Tsis yog txhua txhua, tiam sis feem ntau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm ib tug fluorine dej violet nplaim taws kub nyhiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua tau tshuaj, carbon, pob zeb ntais thiab lwm yam atoms.
3. Nrog hlau oxides (basic) thiab cov kua qaub (nonmetals). Yog tsim, ntsig txog, alkalis thiab acids. Ntawm cov co rau tej tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm sawv cev ntawm cov thawj ob lub ntsiab pawg ntawm tej pab pawg, tsuas yog beryllium thiab magnesium. Tsis-co uas tsim acidic oxides hnov mob nrog dej tag nrho. Tsuas yog ib tug yog dej xuab zeb - SiO _2.

Kab zauv tshua hydrogen oxide li ib qho piv txwv, raws li nram no: li ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ li _4.

Faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Peb twb pom tawm hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - lub feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Txhais qhov feem pua ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom.

1. Hais txog 70% ntawm tus luj ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab cov tsiaj. Ib txhia fauna oxide muaj li ntawm hydrogen txog 98% (jellyfish).
2. 71% ntawm lub ntiaj teb them los ntawm dej.
3. Maximum luj ntawm cov dej ntawm lub dej hiav txwv.
4. Hais txog 2% yog muaj nyob rau hauv glaciers.
5. 0,63% yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub hauv av.
6. 0,001% ntawm cov cua (huab).
7. cog lub cev muaj 50% dej, ib co hom txawm ntau.
8. Muaj ntau lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv crystalline daim ntawv uas muaj bound dej.

Mus rau hauv daim ntawv yuav ua tau ntev, vim hais tias ib qho nyuaj rau nco qab dab tsi, ib feem uas tsis muaj xws li dej los yog thaum ib yam dab tsi yog tsis muaj. Los yog tsim tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov oxide.

Txoj kev rau cov kev npaj

Kev npaj muaj nqi twb tsis muaj hydrogen oxide. Tom qab tag nrho, yooj yim rau siv npaj ua qhov chaw - dej ntws, pas dej thiab lwm yam lub cev ntawm cov dej tshaj los yog siv ib lossis loj npaum li ntawm lub zog thiab tej tshuaj chemicals. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub laboratory nws yog ib yam xwb los thiaj li tau distilled, ultra-dej ntshiab.

Rau cov hom phiaj, siv tej apparatuses xws li stills. Tej dej yog yuav tsum tau rau ntau cov tshuaj tshua, vim crude muaj loj nyiaj ntawm impurities, ntsev, ions.

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm

Yuav kom hais tias cov dej yog siv qhov txhia chaw, tsis hais dab tsi. Nws yog inconceivable xav txog tej yam lub neej tsis muaj no kev twb kev txuas. Los ntawm thaum ntxov thaum sawv ntxov mus txog rau thaum lig thaum hmo ntuj neeg yog lossi siv nws ob nyob rau hauv domestic thiab muaj lub hom phiaj.

Thaj chaw ntawm hydrogen oxide cia siv nws raws li ib tug universal kuab. Thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj. Tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nyob beings, qhov chaw uas txhua ob qhov chaw txhiab ntawm biochemical kev tig cev.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej yog nws tus kheej ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv ntau syntheses, nws kuj ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug los ntawm-cov khoom uas ua los ntawm lawv. Txhua tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no rau 60 xyoo, kis tau los ntawm nws tus kheej txog 50 tons ntawm no amazing khoom!

Oxide hydrogen yog siv:

• nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lag luam;
• tshuaj;
• tshuaj synthesis;
• nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm industries;
• tsev neeg necessities;
• ua liaj ua teb.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv uas ib tug yuav nyob tsis muaj dej. Tsuas yog nyob beings muaj tsis muaj hydrogen oxide nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ua neej nyob tsis muaj nws, yog kab mob. Uas yog vim li cas ib tug txiv neej tsis yooj yim yuav kam nrog cov kab.