Ib hom ntawv nyeem keeb kwm. Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Raws li zoo raws li ib tug historian, ib tug txawj sau ntawv yuav rov ua tau ib lub zoo thiab cov txheej xwm uas yav tag los, tab sis lawv artistic tu tub tu kiv yog yeej sib txawv los ntawm lub scientific. Tus sau, raws li nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntaub ntawv muaj xws li lawv tej hauj lwm raws li muaj tswv yim tseeb - nws depicts dab tsi yuav, tsis yog dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm cov keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem, tsis tsuas muaj zoo nkauj nqi, tiam sis kuj keeb kwm thiab tuav. Ntawv tseeb yuav kos nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsos ntawm ib tug bygone era los qhia cov ideology, kev ua si, psyche, lub neej nyob rau hauv lub nyob dluab. Keeb kwm thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj ze ze, vim hais tias lub neej - nws yog ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm. Xav txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

keeb kwm adventures

Tsis muaj ua hauj lwm piav txog tus txheej xwm ntawm yav dhau los, thov mus recreate rau lawv raws li lawv muaj nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Tej zaum nws tsuas yog cov khoom rau cov yeeb yuj paintings, mob zajlus, tshwj xeeb cov xim - cov kab txawv, lub sublime, etc. Qhov no keeb kwm tsiag ntawv adventures (eg A. Dumas khoom "Ascanio" "Herminia", "Dub", "Suav Monte Khetos," "Corsican kwv tij" thiab lwm tus neeg). Lawv lub ntsiab hauj lwm - los ua ib tug entertaining zajlus.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem

Art keeb kwm ntaub ntawv pib coj zoo lawm los lub lem ntawm 18-19 centuries. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws tau tsim ib cov keeb kwm dab neeg - ib tug tshwj xeeb ib hom ntawv nyeem, uas tau teem ib lub hom phiaj mus ncaj qha mus qhia rau hauv lub neej ntawm yav dhau los epochs. Nws (raws li nws tau tshwm tom qab keeb kwm ua yeeb yam) yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov tej hauj lwm mob siab rau rau cov txheej xwm ntawm yav dhau los epochs. Art keeb kwm ntaub ntawv yog thaum pib los mus muaj nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug tseem ceeb tig taw tes nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm kev paub, uas yog, tus txheej txheem ntawm nws tsim raws li ib tug science. Precisely vim hais tias ntawm no muaj cov lwm yam.

Tus thawj sau phau ntawv los tsim nyob rau hauv tshiab lwm yam

Tus thawj txawj sau ntawv, pib tsim tej hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm txog cov paj laum rau peb, yog W. Scott. Ua ntej ntawd pab mus rau tsim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj Goethe thiab Schiller, tus poj German sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj keeb kwm ua yeeb yam sawv cev los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm "Egmont" (1788) thiab "Goetz von Berlichingen" (1773). Qhov thib ob tsim ib tug "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "William Qhia" nyob rau hauv 1804 thiab "Mary Stuart" nyob rau hauv 1801. Tab sis qhov tiag ua hauj lwm txawv teb chaws yog cia li Valtera Skotta, uas yog suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm lub keeb kwm dab neeg.

Nws belongs rau ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm depicting lub sij hawm ntawm lub Crusades ( "Richard lub Lionheart", "Ivanhoe," "Robert, Count ntawm Paris"), raws li zoo raws li lub tsim ntawm European lub teb chaws monarchies ( "Kventin Dorvard"), lub bourgeois kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv ces ( " Woodstock "," lub Puritans "), kev sib tsoo nyob rau hauv Scotland xeem system (" Rob Roy, "" Waverley "), thiab lwm tus neeg. rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm ntawm reconstruction ntawm yav dhau los cwj mem ntawm tus kws yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw (whereas yav tas los cov artist yeej txwv tsis pub playback cov kev chav kawm ntawm cov txheej xwm thiab feem ntau raug cov nuj nqis ntawm yav dhau los nta). Creativity ntawm tus kws muaj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov uas muaj undergone ntau hom ntawm lwm yam.

Muaj ntau classical sau ntawv xa mus rau lub historic lub ntsiab. Cov no muaj xws Victor Hugo, uas yog tus sau los ntawm ntau yam phau ntawv. Keeb kwm novels los no cov sau - "Cromwell", "Cuaj caum-Peb", "Notre Dame de Paris" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Xav nyob rau hauv lub npe A. de Vigny ( "Cinq-Mars"), Manzoni, tsim nyob rau hauv 1827, "Lub betrothed", thiab F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nta tej hauj lwm tsim romantics

Ib hom ntawv nyeem keeb kwm, nyob rau tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Romantics, nws tsis ib txwm muaj keeb kwm muaj nqis. Txwv tsis pub qhov no thiab subjective txhais ntawm cov txheej xwm, thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub tiag tiag kev tsis sib haum, tus tawm tsam ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov novels yog pawg embodiment ntawm tus zoo tagnrho ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv (piv txwv li, Esmeralda Hugo lub chaw ua hauj lwm), thiab tsis los ntawm cov kev keeb kwm hom. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau kev lom zem ntau thiab nom tswv kev ntseeg creator. Piv txwv li, A. de Vigny, uas sympathized nrog lub aristocracy, tus hero ntawm nws software khoom los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua feudal Fronde.

muaj tiag taw qhia

Tab sis tsis txhob ntsuam xyuas cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov tej hauj lwm raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm authenticity. Piv txwv li, Hugo novels muaj ib tug lossis loj kev xav tej yam quab yuam. Txawm li cas los, ib tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj feem xyuam nrog ib tug yeej nyob rau hauv nws tiag tej ntsiab cai. Xav zoo zoo depictions ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xwm, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm txheej txheem, lub allergic rau hauv lub nyuaj txheej txheem ntawm tawm tsam sib txawv rog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws. Cov aesthetic yam tau kev lom zem ntau kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Valtera Skotta ( "Jacquerie" Merimee, "Shuany" Balzac). Ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv muaj tiag keeb kwm refraction nyob rau hauv Russia kovyeej nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina ( "Arap Petra tus", "Boris Godunov", "tus tauj ncov loj ntxhais").

Deepening puas siab puas ntsws tsom xam

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, nyob rau hauv lub 30-40s, nws yog ib tug tshiab qhov nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub hlwb tsom xam (eg, Waterloo duab ua hauj lwm "Charterhouse ntawm Parma" los ntawm Stendhal). Lub sab saum toj ntawm lub keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 - lub epic "ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb" ntawm Tolstogo L. N. Nws ua hauj lwm historicism manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ntau yam keeb kwm hom loj-scale khiav ntawm keeb kwm, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub meej kis tau tus mob ntawm domestic, kev sib raug zoo, lus, puas siab puas ntsws thiab ideological peculiarities xwm lub sij hawm.

Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19, tom qab lub ntau tau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb, feem ntau mas cov uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntaub ntawv tsa lus nug txoj hmoo ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov neeg lub neej, regressing ntxiv kos duab keeb kwm ntaub ntawv kev loj hlob. Qhov no yog vim mas cov kev sib ntawm bourgeois ideology ntxiv dag zog rau reactionary nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, raws li zoo raws li nce muaj zog lawm los ntawm historicism kev xav. Modernizing zaj dab neeg ntawm ntau yam sau phau ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm novels. Piv txwv li, A. Fabkis nyob rau hauv nws sau nyob rau hauv 1912 ua hauj lwm "Cov gods yog tshaib plab", nplooj siab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub Fabkis kiv puag ncig, tuav lub tswv yim uas noob neej nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob headway.

Ntau ntau thiaj li hu ua leb ntaub ntawv, piv txwv tej zaum mus rau ib tug sib sib zog nqus tau taub ntawm cov keeb kwm cov txheej txheem, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tsim ib tug subjectivist Siv, muaj ib tug mystical cim. Piv txwv li nram qab no: tsim nyob rau hauv 1901, A. Schnitzler lub chaw ua hauj lwm "Cov ntaub thaiv ntawm Beatrice," nyob rau hauv 1908, Merezhkovsky - "Paul kuv" thiab "Alexander kuv".

Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj

Nyob rau hauv ib co Eastern European lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lwm cov tes, nyob hauv lub sij hawm no nws yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg pej xeem teb thiab tus nqi ntawm cov keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws pib lub liberation nriaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no. Tej zaum keeb kwm ntaub ntawv ua ib tug romantic cim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm H. Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist: "Cov dej nyab", "Fire and Ntaj", "Quo Vadis," "Colonel Wolodyjowski", "Crusaders."

Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub East hauv lub teb chaws liberation zog yog lub hauv paus rau hauv lub tsim ntawm keeb kwm dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, piv txwv li, nws creator yog B.Ch. Chottopadhay.

Kev loj hlob ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig

Nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe, tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig pib ib tug tshiab puag ncig ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov keeb kwm neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb tshiab. Nws tso cai rau realists lub hnub poob mus rau sau ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm uas yog koj cov piv txwv ntawm cov kos duab keeb kwm ntaub ntawv. Rov qab mus rau yav dhau los thaum nws yog vim qhov yuav tsum tau los tiv thaiv kab lig kev cai thiab kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam, nrog rau cov ua yeeb yam tiv thaiv cov fascists sau ntawv humanists. Piv txwv li, nws tau sau nyob rau hauv 1939, Thomas Mann Novella "Lotte nyob rau hauv Weimar", heev heev novels ntawm Feuchtwanger. Cov txawv ywj pheej, humanistic orientation, yog zoo txog rau cov kawm ua hauj lwm yog yus nyob rau tib lub sij hawm zog ua hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg sau rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj ib tug luam ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog keeb kwm bourgeois science. Piv txwv li, tej zaum muaj Feuchtwanger lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev kawm tau ntawm keeb kwm raws li ib tug nriaj tiv thaiv conservatism thiab yog vim li cas, nws underestimated lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg, tau qhia nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm subjectivity.

socialist realism

Los ntawm socialist realism mus rau ib tug tshiab theem, uas yuav siv sij hawm lub keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Nws philosophy sib cav hais tias lub keeb kwm lub neej yog lub collective creativity ntawm cov neeg, li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb tag nrho cov tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm historicism. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas nws tau tiav koj tau. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntxhais ua tseem ceeb cov duab, tig epochs. Nws yog raug rau lub keeb kwm ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm lub siab xav rau cov loj kwvyees, epic. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, tus tshiab "Peter kuv" A. N. Tolstogo, depicting cov duab ntawm tus pas ntsuas, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, uas qhia txog txoj hmoo ntawm peb cov neeg nyob ib tug tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob.

Qhov loj ntxhais ntawm Soviet ntaub ntawv yog tus tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov monarchy, muaj koob muaj npe destiny nyob rau hauv Russia zoo tshaj kab lis kev cai, thiab lub sij hawm ntawm kev npaj rau lub kiv puag ncig thiab cov hauj lwm ntawm nws. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntaub ntawv lom zem ntau yog tsim M. Gorky lub chaw ua hauj lwm "Cov neej ntawm Klim Samgin" MA Sholokhov - "Nyob ntsiag to ntws lub Don", IB TUG Tolstoy - "Txoj Kev rau Calvary" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Hnub no yog heev nrov yog lub keeb kwm tsis - ib hom ntawv nyeem sawv cev nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, Alexander Bushkova thiab lwm tus neeg.