Ib suam ntawm niam. ntsiab txhais ntawm phonetics

Lus - ib tug tiag tiag zoo khoom plig rau noob neej. Qhov no zoo kawg nkaus kev sib txuas lus ntsuas muaj ib tug tham apparatus yog ib tug system ntawm lus units. Feeb ntau, txij li thaum txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev hais lus, xa mus rau lub phonetics - seem lug, cov kev kawm uas yog lub suab ntawm kev hais lus thiab, ntau yeej, cov kev faib ntawm niam thiab consonants.

phonetics

Phonetics no yog tsim los kawm hais lus suab. Nws occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias qhov kev kawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm - units cov lus nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas cov xwm. Sounding hais lus tsim lub cev ntawm tib neeg hais lus thiab cua deeg. Sounding hais lus xaav tshwm sim tib neeg lub rooj sib hais.

Phonetics yog kev txhawj xeeb nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus unit ntawm hom lus - hais lus suab. Xws li ib tug infinite tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab. Tom qab nws utters lawv nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev. Tab sis yuav txawv cov no ntau yam yog cov suab uas yog cov lus hais rau tib txoj kev. Cov kev kawm ntawv - lub hauv paus rau lub kev faib suab.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tias kawm phonetics, - kev faib ntawm niam thiab consonants. Articulatory thiab acoustic suab hais lus yog tog twg los ntawv niam thiab consonants. Ntawv niam muab nws melodiousness. Consonants - suab nrov.

Thaum huab cua los ntawm lub ntsws los ntawm tus vocal cords thiab lub qhov ncauj dawb do tsim suab, hu ua niam. Lawv txawv tsuas overtones generated taw ntawm tus nplaig thiab daim di ncauj.

Tab sis raws li lub suab ua thaum lub cua overcomes tus obstacles nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev. Lawv muaj xws li cov suab lus thiab cov suab nrov los yog cia li nrov. Muaj ntau yam kev kawm ntawv thiab kev kov yeej tej kev thaiv no ua rau nws tau kom paub qhov txawv consonants los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Cov kev txawv no yog raws li kev faib ntawm niam / consonants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws ntsiab cai yuav raug muab los sib tham ntxiv.

Phonetics seem yog lug, nyob rau kawm articulation thiab acoustic nta ntawm kev hais lus suab. Articulating phonetics deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm anatomical thiab physiological xwm ntawm lub suab thiab nws cov mechanisms. Acoustic phonetics txog suab raws li ib tug vibrational tsab ntawv tsa suab, nqa tawm raws li nws kis los ntawm tus vocal cords thiab lub qhov ncauj. Cov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm acoustic phonetics yog lub qhov siab, lub dag lub zog, ntev thiab laus.

Acoustic kev faib ntawm niam

Kawm paub txog phonetics feem ntau pib nrog ib tug kev tshawb no ntawm cim suab. Peb yuav tsis thim los ntawm kev li kev cai uas yog vim lawv tseem ceeb dua. Lawv yog cov syllabic. Consonants yog nyob ib sab mus rau ib tug cim.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub cais ntawm niam thiab consonants yuav hais txog txoj kev peb paub rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm niam nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw?

Ua ntej, xav txog qhov acoustic yam ntxwv ntawm niam:

• Tag nrho cov suab yog tsim los ntawm kev siv lub suab nrov ntawm lub suab;
• yus nyuab siab thiab unstressed, uas yog, muaj kev txawj thiab kev qaug zog;
• tsis muaj zog ntawv niam luv luv sounding, thaum lub kev qhia yog tsis yuav tsum tau mus lim cov vocal cords;
• muaj zog niam muaj ntau ntev hais lus thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub vocal cords.

Lub suab nrov ntawm niam tsis yog ib tug txawv yam ntxwv. Nws muaj peev xwm tsuas kis rau lub siab ntsws lub xeev ntawm cov lus qhia los yog grammatical kev txiav txim zoo. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv interrogative kab lus dua laus cov lus hais cim nyob rau hauv lo lus nqa lub loj tshaj lub ntsiab lus.

Tsis muaj zog thiab luv luv suab no hu ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab unstressed. Muaj zog thiab muaj ntau yam yog kev poob siab. Qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv peb cov lus unfastened thiab ua feem ntau ntawm cov grammatical muaj nuj nqi: tsev (U h ..), Tsev (plural ..). Tej zaum kev nyuaj siab yog yus tsev fuabtais (tsev), Tsev fuabtais (tus ntaus ntawv rau txhav tas cov qhov rooj).

Ib suam ntawm niam ntawm articulatory nta. Labial / neogublennye ntawv niam

Articulating kev faib ntawm niam yog npaum li cas wider tshaj li tus hais lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus lub suab, lawv tsim daim di ncauj, tus nplaig thiab lub puab tsaig. Suab yog generated nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:

• uas daim di ncauj nyob rau hauv nws tsim;
• degree nqa hom lus;
• kab rov tav zog tus nplaig nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.

Cov ntawv niam peev xwm yuav tsim los ntawm ib tug ncab ntawm ob daim di ncauj, ces lawv hu ua labial (labialized). Yog hais tias ob daim di ncauj tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug cim, nws yog hu ua neogublennym (nelabializovannye).

Labial ntawv niam yog tsim los ntawm su rau pem hauv ntej contiguous nrog txhua lwm yam daim di ncauj. Cov huab cua kis tau los ntawm ib tug nqaim qhov chaw tsim los ntawm ib tug raj daim ntau quav tso daim di ncauj, qhov ncauj kab noj hniav ntev dua. Lub degree ntawm labial yog sib txawv: cov cim [ib tug] haiv neeg tsawg, thiab cov cim [y] yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm labial. Tus so ntawm lub niam yog neogublennymi, piv txwv li nelabializovannymi.

Ntawv niam nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm ntsug taw ntawm tus nplaig, uas yog, los ntawm lifting

Yuav ua li cas rau sawv mus rau saum ntuj lus, qhov ntawv niam yog:

• Upper nqa. Nws suab [thiab] [s] [y]. Lawv tsim thaum tus nplaig yog tsa raws li high school raws li sai tau. Cov suab yog hu ua ntau nqaim.
  
• Medium climb - nws suab [e], [o]. Thaum lawv cov lus kev kawm ntawv ntog ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li nyob rau hauv dhau kev kawm ntawv.
  
• Lub sab nqa - lub suab [ib tug]. Nws yuav ua rau tus nqi qis tau nws txo qis cov lus. Qhov no suab kuj hu ua ib tug dav.
  

Lub sab hauv sawv, lub dav qhib nws lub qhov ncauj thiab qis puab tsaig dauv.

Cov ntawv niam nyob rau hauv kab rov tav taw ntawm tus nplaig

Cov ntawv niam nyob rau hauv kab rov tav taw ntawm tus nplaig nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, dhau lawm, yog muab faib ua peb pawg:

• Pem hauv ntej kab - nws suab [thiab] [e]. Thaum lawv rau pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm tus nplaig yog tsim nyog los tsa rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub palate.
• Middle kab - nws suab [ib tug], [s]. Thaum lawv txoj kev kawm yog tsa nruab nrab ib feem ntawm tus nplaig mus rau nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub palate.
• Rov qab kab - [y], [o]. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv tsim rov qab ntawm tus nplaig tsa mus rau lub tsheb ntawm cov Palatine.

Nyob rau hauv lub generalized daim ntawv ntawm cov kev faib ntawm niam yog reflected nyob rau hauv daim duab peb sab ntawm niam. Nws koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov duab hauv qab no.

Ntxoov ntawv niam

Cov kev faib rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab tsis sib haum mus rau qhov wealth thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm niam. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub kev faib ntawm lub niam / consonants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog ntau dav heev tshaj yog muab nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm cov phau ntawv. Raws li tus thawj thiab thib ob embodiments yuav muaj cim zoo. Nws yog nyob ntawm txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas lawv sawv ntsug.

Dhau li suab, [thiab] yog ib tug uas yog cov lus hais nrog ib tug me ntsis ntau qhib lub qhov ncauj thiab tus nplaig lifting qis tshaj [u]. Qhov no suab muaj ib lub npe [thiab] qhib. Lub transcription yog denoted los ntawm [thiab ^{ib tug].} Piv txwv li: hav zoov [l'kuv ^e sa '].

Yog li ntawd qhib yog lub suab [s ^e]. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lo lus "hlau" uas yog cov lus hais raws li ^[e zhy l'e'zny].

Nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis muaj zog txoj hauj lwm ua ntej lub nyuab siab lub suab es tsis txhob ntawm lub suab [ib tug], [ib tug] yog cov lus hais nelabializovanny suab [/ \]. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub raws li txoj cai ntawm cov lus yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm [ib tug] thiab [o], piv txwv li: nyom [tr / \ vam '] teb [n / \ l'ib tug'].

Muaj ntau ntau txo niam, lawv hu ua ntau lub suab attenuation. Nws [b] thiab [b]. [B] - qhov no yog lub suab ntawm ib tug nruab nrab ntawm cov lifting srednenizhnego. [B] - lub suab yog lub suab ntawm cov pem hauv ntej kab srednenizhnego nqa. Piv txwv tshem ciav hlau [PR / \ vo] lub, dej ^[e vd'i no'y]. Weakening lawv hais vim lub remoteness ntawm cov vowels ntawm kev nyuaj siab.

Suab [thiab ^{ib tug], [e} s] [/ \], [b], [b] tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsis muaj kev nyuaj siab.

Lub dependence ntawm niam ntawm consonants softness

Hloov cov hais ntawv niam, nyob ntawm seb tus mos (palatalized) consonants considers phonetics. Ib suam ntawm cim suab nyob rau tej zej zog yuav tsum sawv cev raws li nram no:

• Cim [ 's], [' e], [ 'o], [' y] yog tsiv me ntsis upward thiab xa thaum pib ntawm lub cim zoo.
• Yog hais tias cov niam ntawm lub consonants mos mos, hloov nyob rau hauv kev tswj thoob plaws hauv lub qhia ntawm lub suab: nyob rau hauv-txoj cai [z'a't '], phauj [t'o't'a], tulle [t'u'l'].

Hom nyuab siab ntawv niam

Nyob rau hauv peb cov lus muaj rau cov khoom uas sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam ntawm nyuab siab ntawv niam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub rooj hauv qab no.

Hom unstressed ntawv niam

Ib suam ntawm cim suab ntawm kev hais lus, tsis txhob sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv qhov haum nws nyob rau qhov sib thooj los yog remoteness ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab ib tug preposition los yog postposition nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws:

• Cim [u], [s], [y], sawv nyob rau hauv pretonic suab me ntsis tsis muaj zog txaus nyob rau hauv nws cov kev, tab sis nws tsis fundamentally hloov.
• Yog hais tias [s] sawv tom qab uas sov mos mos thiab nyuaj ua ntej, nws cia li txav mus txog thiab xa nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub qhia suab, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv lo lus w [y] vet.
• Suab [y] thaum pib ntawm cov lo lus, sawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm consonants thiab mos mos tom qab zog velar los yog sov, dhau lawm, cia li txav mus thiab xa nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub cim zoo. Piv txwv li: [u] TYuG, w [u] rit.
• Cim [y], yog hais tias nws yog tom qab ib tug mos mos tsiaj ntawv, tsiaj ntawv ua ntej lub zog, txav mus thiab xa thaum pib ntawm lub cim zoo. Piv txwv li: [l'U] s kev hlub.
• Yog hais tias lub [y] yog nruab nrab ntawm mos consonants, nws txav mus txog thiab xa thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho casting lub sij hawm: [l'U] khiav nrawm.
• Cim [ib tug], [ib tug], yog hais tias lawv yog tom qab lub velar nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm cov lo lus, nyuaj thiab [c], cov lus hais raws li [ㆄ], qhov no cim yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kab, nyob rau lifting yog srednenizhnim nws nelabializovanny.
• By cim [ib tug], [ib tug], [e], yog hais tias lawv yog tom qab lub tsiaj ntawv mos mos, [h] [j] yog cov lus hais rau [s], uas yog yus li nelabializovanny cim nruab nrab ntawm [u] thiab [e] nws tus naj npawb ntawm kev kawm ntawv pem hauv ntej, lifting yog sredneverhnim.
• Cim [e], [o], uas yog tom qab lub [w], [x], cov lus hais raws li [nej], nws yog ib lub suab ntawm neperednego series, nws tsis yog yuav tsum thiab tsis e, ib lub suab yeej yuav hnov, piv txwv li, lo lus " nyob los yog [nej] Vat. "
• Cim [ib tug] tom qab [w], [x] yog cov lus hais raws li [ㆄ]. Qhov no suab yuav hnov nyob rau hauv lo lus "sh [ㆄ] los."
• [Thiab] [s], [y] tsis muaj zog lawv articulation nyob rau hauv lub thib peb thiab thib ob pretonic suab, tab sis lub cim tsis hloov lub cim zoo.
• Cim [y] thaum nws sawv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab thib peb suab pretonic ua ntej palatalized consonants thiab suab khoom, tsis txawv los ntawm lub suab, hais nyob rau hauv pretonic suab, qhov no kuj siv tau rau lub cim [u] thiab [u].
• Cim [ib tug], [ib tug], [e] nyob rau hauv qhov thib peb thiab thib ob pretonic suab thaum pib ntawm cov lus hloov raws li cov suab hom, sawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub luag Iwm haiv neeg - nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nyuab siab ntawv niam [ib tug], [ib tug] yog cov lus hais rau [ㆄ], thiab qhov chaw [e] yog pronounced [nej].

Hloov cov cim suab nyob rau hauv lub percussion zaudarnyh suab yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub rooj hauv qab no.

xaus

Ntsiab lus, peb yuav xaus uas lub faib ntawm niam muaj feem xyuam rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov lus. Tsiv nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, nws tsim ntau yam kev mob rau txoj kev tsim tsa ntawm lub suab. Lawv ntaus nqi raws li txawv ntawv niam.