Keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress. Heroes ntawm Brest Fortress

Ib co kev pab hais tias lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Brest Fortress pib xyoo ua ntej nws heroic feat nyob rau hauv 1941. Qhov no yog dog dig tsis tseeb. Fortress tau ntev muaj. Sau kom tiav reconstruction ntawm lub medieval citadel nyob rau hauv lub nroog Berestye (lub keeb kwm lub npe ntawm Brest) pib nyob rau hauv 1836 thiab lasted rau 6 xyoo.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 1835 lub tsarist tsoom fwv txiav txim siab los modernize lub fortress, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, muab nws tus txheej xwm ntawm lub thaj outpost ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb.

medieval Brest

Cov fortress hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 11th, mention ntawm nws muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub zoo-paub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo," uas captures lub scenes chronicle ntawm tus tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv ntawm ob tug poj princes - Svyatopolk thiab Jaroslav.

Muaj ib tug heev prime qhov chaw - nyob rau hauv ib tug promontory ntawm ob dej ntws Western Kab laum thiab Mukhavets, Berestye sai mas yuav kis tau tus txheej xwm ntawm ib tug loj kav khw center.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, qhov tseem ceeb txoj kev ntawm lub lag luam lub zog yog cov dej ntws. Thiab no tag nrho ob waterways tau muab lub sij hawm ntawm tsiv khoom los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob thiab vice versa. Kab laum dej yuav tau los hauv teb chaws Poland, Lithuania thiab cov teb chaws Europe, thiab nyob rau Mukhavets los ntawm Pripyat thiab lub Dnieper - nyob rau hauv lub Dub hiav txwv steppes thiab lub Middle East.

Ib tug yuav tsuas yog twv yuav ua li cas zoo nkauj yog tus medieval fortress ntawm Brest. Photo illustrations thiab kos duab ntawm lub fortress ntawm tus sij hawm thaum ntxov - ib tug rarity, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau tsuas yog raws li tsev cia puav pheej yuav teev cia.

Vim mus tas li hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub Brest Fortress nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib lub xeev thiab kev kho ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev, lub hom phiaj thiab lub outpost, thiab lub zos tau undergone me kev hloov. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb tshwm sim los ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm lub sij hawm, li cas los xij, muaj tshaj li tsib puas xyoo ntawm lub Brest Fortress yog tau khaws nws cov thawj medieval cim thiab ib tug tsim nyog cua.

1812. Cov Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub citadel

Brest frontier geography yeej ib txwm tau qhov ua rau ntawm tus tawm tsam rau lub nroog: 800 xyoo Keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress dominion thiab yuav Turov Duchy ntawm Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita (Poland), thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1795 Brest los ua ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws.

Tab sis ua ntej qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Napoleon lub Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv muab tseem ceeb heev rau lub ancient fortress. Kom txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Fabkis ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 Brest Fortress tau paub tseeb hais tias nws raws li txoj cai raws li ib tug txhim khu kev qha outpost, uas yog ncha hais rau nws cov kev pab, thiab txav yeeb ncuab.

Cov Fabkis, dhau lawm, tau txiav txim siab los tawm Brest rau lawv tus kheej, tab sis Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog recaptured lub fortress, yeej ib stunning kov yeej lub Fabkis cavalry units.

Lub historic kev txiav txim siab

Qhov no yeej yog ib tug starting taw tes rau qhov tsarist tsoom fwv los mus tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug medieval fortress flimsy txaus tshiab thiab haib strengthening, tsim nyog rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub architectural style thiab cov tub rog tseem ceeb.

Thiab yog dab tsi txog lub heroes ntawm lub Brest fortress ntawm tus 1812 Patriotic ua tsov ua rog xyoo? Tom qab tag nrho, tej tub rog ua raus cov tsos ntawm xav ua kom tau daredevils thiab patriots. Lawv cov npe nyob twj ywm tsis paub hais tias mus ntau lub voj voog ntawm lub ces pej xeem, tiam sis nws yog tau hais tias lawv tej nqi zog rau lub siab tawv lawv tau txais los ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov huab tais Alexander.

Hluav taws nyob rau Brest

Qhov hluav taws kub uas engulfed ib tug ancient kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv 1835, ceev hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov kev reconstruction ntawm lub Brest Fortress. Qhov kev npaj ntawm lub ces engineers thiab architects tau ua kom puas lub medieval vaj tse rau lawv qhov chaw kom tsim ib tug kiag li tshiab architectural cim thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm chaw ua haujlwm.

Cov hluav taws txog 300 vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub fort, thiab qhov no, ironically, muab tau ntawm tes thiab lub imperial tsoom fwv, thiab mus rau lub builders, thiab lub nroog pejxeem.

reconstruction

Muab hluav taws cov neeg raug them nyiaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj ntsuab thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tsoom fwv ntxias kom lawv los khom tsis nyob rau hauv lub fortress, thiab nyias - ob kilometers ntawm lub outpost, yog li muab ib zaug xwb muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub fortress - kev tiv thaiv.

Keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress tsis tau paub xws li ib tug grandiose reconstruction: medieval fort twb razed rau hauv av, thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw loj hlob ib tug haib stronghold nrog tuab phab ntsa, tag nrho cov system ntawm lub nqa choj, txuas lub peb dag Islands tuaj, nrog rau cov bastion forts nruab ravelins nrog impregnable kaum-earthen phab ntsa, nrog nqaim embrasures uas defenders nyob twj ywm maximally tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm shelling.

Tiv tuition fortress nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tiv thaiv lug, uas, ntawm chav kawm, ua si ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv repelling tus yeeb ncuab tawm tsam, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tus naj npawb ntawm zoo-kawm tub rog ua hauj lwm hauv lub frontier fortress.

Tiv citadel zoo xeeb los ntawm architects mus rau lub subtleties. Txwv tsis pub, yog vim li cas muab zoo tib yam cov tub rog 'barracks nqi ntawm lub ntsiab strengthening? Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj cov phab ntsa ob meters tuab, txhua lub servicemen yog subconsciously npaj muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tau tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab, lus dhia mus txog ntawm lub txaj - thaum twg lub sij hawm ntawm lub hnub.

500 casemates ntawm lub fortress yooj yim fits 12,000 cov tub rog nrog rau tag nrho txhais tes thiab kev cai rau ob peb hnub. Lub barracks tau zoo li ntawd zais los ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag, hais tias lawv muaj yuav tsis yog kwv yees cov uninitiated - lawv nyob rau hauv lub tuab ntawm tib kaum-meter rampart.

Ib tug feature ntawm lub architectural kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub fortress los ua ib tug inextricable txuas nws chaw: lub protruding yees them los ntawm hluav taws ntsiab stronghold, thiab los ntawm cov forts nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj, nws twb tau mus ua ib tug focused hluav taws, kev tiv thaiv rau pem hauv ntej.

Thaum lub tsev fuabtais yog fortified los ntawm ib lub nplhaib ntawm 9 forts, nws tau ua zoo invulnerable: txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav haum ib tug tag nrho garrison ntawm cov tub rog (uas yog 250 servicemen), ntxiv 20 phom.

Brest Fortress nyob rau hauv peacetime

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm twj ywm rau tus ciam teb ntawm lub xeev Brest ntsuas nyob ib leisurely lub neej. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub nroog, thiab lub fortress reigned heev regularity, kev pab ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Thaum lub fortress muaj ob peb pawg ntseeg - tseem haum ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog ib lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv tej txoj kev uas kuv ua tsis tau.

Ib tug ntawm lub zos monastery twb rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub tsev rau cov rooj sib tham ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab ua hauj lwm hu ua dawb Palace.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntsiag to lub sij hawm ntawm lub tsev fuabtais yog tsev tsis yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim tau muaj. Nkag mus rau hauv "lub siab" ntawm lub citadel muaj plaub rooj vag. Peb ntawm lawv, raws li ib tug cim ntawm lawv inaccessibility, uas twb muaj lawm lub xeev ntawm cov Brest Fortress. tsev cia puav pheej Nws pib nrog cov laus lub rooj vag: Kholmsk Terespolsky, Northern ... Txhua tus ntawm lawv twb tau txiav txim kom ua lub rooj vag rau lub vaj kaj siab rau nws ntau defenders nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej kev tsov kev rog.

Khoom fortress nyob rau Eve ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej

Thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nyoog phem heev nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, lub fortress ntawm Brest-Litovsk, tseem ib qho ntawm feem txhim khu kev qha chaw tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-Polish ciam teb. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub citadel - "los pab txhawb txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov tub rog thiab rog," uas twb tsis muaj niaj hnub riam phom thiab tej khoom siv.

Ntawm 871 units ntawm riam phom, tsuas yog 34% raws li cov cai ntawm kev tsov kev rog nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tej yam kev mob, lub tshuav phom twb dhau caij nyoog. Ntxiv phom yeej qub qauv uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm ib tug deb ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 3 miles. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug tej zaum yeeb ncuab muaj mortars thiab artillery systems .45.

Nyob rau hauv 1910 aeronautic battalion ntawm lub fortress yog nyob rau hauv lub pov tseg ntawm nws cov thawj airship, thiab nyob rau hauv 1911 lub Brest-Litovsk fortress tshwj xeeb imperial cai twb nruab nrog nws tus kheej xov tooj cua chaw nres tsheb.

Tus thawj tsov rog ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th

Lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub Brest Fortress nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj muaj kev thaj yeeb txoj hauj lwm - siv. Attracted los ntawm villagers los ntawm nyob ze thiab nyob deb zos koom tsev ntau forts.

Fortress yuav tsum zoo tiv thaiv hais tias nws tsis yog rhuav rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov tub rog kho kom zoo, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub Corps yog disbanded thiab poob outpost ntawm sib ntaus sib tua garrison. Thaum pib ntawm lub thawj lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub Brest-Litovsk fortress twb nyob ib leeg militias uas thaum lub sij hawm tawm raug yuam mus hlawv cov feem ntau robust thiab advanced outpost.

Tab sis lub ntsiab kev tshwm sim ntawm cov thawj rog ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua mus rau lub fortress yog tsis vim cov tub rog kev ua - qhov Brest kev thaj yeeb treaty tau kos npe rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa.

Monuments Brest Fortress Lawv muaj ib tug txawv hom thiab qhov, thiab ib tug ntawm cov neeg no yog tseem ceeb rau cov sij hawm treaty.

Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawm lub heroism ntawm Brest

Feem ntau cov contemporaries paub Brest citadel rau cov txheej xwm ntawm thawj hnub ntawm lub treacherous nres ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees rau lub Soviet Union. Ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no nyob tsis tau ib zaug, nws unveiled tus Germans lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev npaj txhij txog txoj kev: muaj qhia grudging admiration rau cov heroism ntawm lub defenders ntawm Brest nyob rau hauv tus kheej hmoov, uas tau tom qab pom thiab luam tawm cov tub rog neeg sau xov xwm.

Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1943-1944. Kom txog thaum uas lub sij hawm, hais txog lub heroism ntawm ib tug dav pawg citadel nws yog tsis paub hais tias, thiab cov survivors ntawm lub "nqaij li" heroes ntawm lub Brest Fortress, raws li senior cov tub rog ua hauj lwm, yog feem ntau ntshai li neeg raug kaw ua tsov ua rog, surrendered mus rau tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm cowardice.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas lub zos fights tochilis nyob rau hauv lub citadel, thiab nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj thiab txawm nyob rau hauv Lub yim hli ntuj 1941, kuj tsis sai li sai ua pej xeem. Tab sis tam sim no historians paub tseeb tias: Brest Fortress, uas tus yeeb ncuab yuav tsum tau muab 8 teev, nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ntev.

Hnub ntawm commencement ntawm ntuj raug txim: Lub rau hli ntuj 22, 1941

Ua ntej tsov rog, uas yog tsis tau leej twg, Brest fortress ntsia heev negrozno: qub earthen phab ntsa nroog Yeiuxalees, overgrown nrog nyom, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws - paj thiab chaw ua si. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Lub rau hli ntuj lub ntsiab regiments stationed nyob rau hauv lub fortress, tshuav nws thiab mus rau lub caij ntuj sov kev kawm camp.

Nyob rau hauv lub hmo ntuj ntawm Lub rau hli ntuj 22, lub outpost yog yuav luag ntuj nti.

Keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress rau tag nrho cov centuries tsis paub tsis tau ntawm xws perfidy: lub wee sij hawm ntawm qhov luv luv lub caij ntuj sov nights twb suab rau lub inhabitants ntawm ntuj raug txim. Mam li nco dheev, tawm ntawm tsis pom qhov twg, lub fortress twb qhib artillery hluav taws, ntes tau txhua leej txhua tus los ntawm surprise tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws, thiab ib ncig ntawm lub outpost tau rushed 17,000 ruthless "Fellows" los ntawm lub Wehrmacht.

Tab sis tsis ntshav tsis ntshai heev, los yog cov companions ntawm txoj kev tuag yuav tsis lov thiab nres lub heroic defenders ntawm Brest. Lawv tiv thaiv rau yim hnub, raws li official cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab ob lub hlis - raws li unofficial.

Tsis li ntawd, tej yam yooj yim thiab tsis yog li ceev kom muab nyob rau hauv Brest Fortress. Kws muaj txuj ci 1941 los ua ib tug npog ntawm tag nrho cov ntxiv rau thaum kawg ntawm tsov rog thiab tus yeeb ncuab pom qhov ineffectiveness ntawm nws txias xam thiab super-riam phom uas yeej unpredictable heroism tsis zoo armed, tab sis ardently hlub lub fatherland ntawm lub Slavs.

"Tham" lub pob zeb

Yuav ua li cas tam sim no twj ywm screams Brest Fortress? Cov tsev khaws puav pheej tau fwm ntau artifacts thiab pob zeb, qhov chaw uas koj yuav tau nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws defenders. Luv nqe lus nyob rau hauv ib los yog ob kab noj tus ceev, kov los kua muag ntawm tag nrho cov tiam, tab sis yog lawv lub suab sparingly, zoo li ib tug txiv neej qhuav thiab businesslike.

Muscovites: Ivanov, Stepanchikov Zhuntyaev thiab coj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no txaus ntshai lub sij hawm - lub ntsiab ntawm lub pob zeb, kua muag lub plawv. Ob tug ntawm lawv tuag thiab tshuav Ivanov kuj paub hais tias nws yuav tsis tau ntev tau cog lus tseg: "Muaj ib lub xeem grenade. Ciaj muab tsis tau li, "thiab ces nug hais tias:" pauj peb, comrades. "

Ntawm cov pov thawj hais tias tus fortress twb khaws cia ntev tshaj li yim hnub seem hnub nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb: Lub Xya hli ntuj 20, 1941 - lub feem ntau cov ntawm lawv.

Yuav kom to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm heroism thiab kuj ntawm lub defenders rau tag nrho lub teb chaws, cia li yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub hnub thiab qhov chaw: Brest Fortress, 1941.

Tsim memorial

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm txij li thaum lub txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub fortress ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Soviet Union (thiab cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg) muaj peev xwm ua tau muaj nyob rau hauv 1943. Cia li nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nqe vaj lug kub los ntawm cov hmoov ntawm German cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm.

Ua ntej Brest yog ib tug dab neeg, dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm tag nrho cov fronts thiab nyob rau hauv lub rear. Kom tus txheej xwm ntawm formality, kom txhob zoo ntawm cov ntawv tseeb (txawm zoo cim) thiab ntes tus heroism ntawm Brest fortress rau centuries, lub sab hnub poob outpost, nws twb txiav txim siab los reclassify mus rau lub memorial.

Yuav ua raws li cov tswv yim coj qhov chaw ib ob peb xyoo tom qab tsov rog - nyob rau hauv 1971. Ruins, hlawv thiab shelled phab ntsa - tag nrho cov no tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub exhibition. Scarred vaj tse yog cim, thiab lawv tshwm sim tawm lub ib thooj ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm lub siab tawv ntawm nws cov defenders.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Brest Fortress memorial rau lub tiaj xyoo kuv pom ob peb thematic monuments thiab obelisks ntawm ntau tsis ntev los no keeb kwm, uas yog sib haum xeeb zoo rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov fortress-tsev cia puav pheej thiab nws rigor thiab conciseness hais txog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa qee.

Brest Fortress nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws thiab muaj teeb meem ua hauj lwm ntawm txawm tias ib tug ob peb tug cov Brest Fortress yog phau ntawv S. S. Smirnova. Ntsib nrog tim khawv thiab survivors ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub citadel, tus sau txiav txim siab los kev ncaj ncees thiab rau whitewash lub tiag tiag cov npe ntawm cov cim, uas lub ces tsoom fwv twb blamed rau ib tug nyob rau hauv ib lub German hauv tsev lojcuj.

Thiab nws ua li ntawd nws, txawm tias lub sij hawm twb tsis feem ntau kev ywj pheej - nruab nrab 50s ntawm lub xeem tiam.

Muaj ntau pab rov qab mus rau qub, tsis txhob saib tsis taus cov khub pej xeem nyob hauv phau ntawv "Brest Fortress". Duab ntawm ib co ntawm cov neeg muaj hmoo lug luam tawm nyob rau hauv xovxwm, lub npe tsis nyuaj rau cov xov tooj cua. txawm voj voog lub xov tooj cua yog tsim los pab, nplooj siab mus nrhiav cov defenders ntawm lub Brest stronghold.

Smirnov yog cov khoom ntawm lub saving xov, uas, xws li ib tug mythological cim los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm oblivion tuaj lwm heroes - defenders ntawm Brest, privates thiab commanders. Cov lawv: Major Gavrilov, Commissioner Fomin, Semenenko Lieutenant, Tus tauj ncov loj Zubachev.

Brest Fortress - ib tug monument kev ua siab loj thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm pej xeem, heev tangible thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Muaj ntau mysterious legends txog nws fearless defenders ntawm cov neeg nyob niaj hnub no. Peb paub lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev sau ntawv thiab cov suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm, yog qee zaum pom muaj nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg.

Thiab cov legends nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog, vim hais tias ntawm lub Brest Fortress feat tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog nws, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 21 m thiab 22 m, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nram no centuries.