Kev ua si theorist Dzhon Nesh

Dzhon Nesh tau ua lug paub thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua tsaug rau cov movie "Ib tug zoo nkauj lub siab." Nws yog kuj ceeb tias kov ub kov no, them nrog txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tib neeg ntse heev, lub neej-lees movie. Qhov no biopic, zaj duab xis poob siab zaj duab xis-discovery. Nws qhia txog tus tuav mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov twg lub siab ua hauj lwm cov kev xav. Poignant interweaving ntawm kev chim thiab ntse heev nyob rau hauv nws cov kev sib sau thiab nriaj. Collection "Oscars" - pov thawj txog qhov no. Tsim los ntawm no mathematician, kev ua si ziag tau muab upside down cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus neeg ua lag ua luam. 27 nplooj ntawv doctoral thesis Nash muaj xws li ib tug cawv rau cov haiv neeg thiab cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag, raws li ib tug 21 nplooj ntawv doctoral thesis rau Einstein tus theoretical physics.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm Adas Smith, uas feeb raws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tsis nrug bourgeois haiv neeg, muab piv rau txoj kev nws txog Dzhon Nesh, zoo nkaus li daj ntseg, tsis muab ib tug piav meej ntawm ntau kawm phenomena. Qhov saum toj no theories yog hais txog nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li ib tug ob-dimensional geometry tsuas yog ib tug subset ntawm lub peb-dimensional.

pib

Yauhas yug los rau 13.06.1928, nyob rau hauv Bluefield (West Virginia). Lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis yog ib tug "nerd", nws kawm nruab nrab. Raws li cov ua cim - ib tug vicious, qia dub.

Xav txog tej yam ib tug yav tom ntej mathematician (differential geometry thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm kev ua si) tsis nyiam lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm. Rau ntawm no theem, txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws yog tej yam txawv nruab nrab. Raws li yog hais tias nws txoj kev txawj ntse tsaug zog thiab tos rau lub laub. Thiab nws tseem tuaj.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14, ib tug tub hluas poob mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov phau ntawv "Creators ntawm kev kawm txog zauv" ntawm nws compatriot Erika Bella, mathematician thiab sau ntawm science ntawv tseeb. Cov phau ntawv yog heev authentically piav lub neej ntawm tus poj mathematicians ntawm lawv txug thiab pab peb vam meej.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim thaum nyeem ntawv rau lawv cov phau ntawv? Leej twg paub ... tab sis nws yog zoo li pib, tom qab uas mus txog rau qhov no heev nruab nrab "gray" tub ntxhais kawm ntawv Dzhon Nesh undertakes lub tsis yooj yim sua mam li nco dheev rau lwm tus neeg proves Fermat tus me ntsis theorem. lub tom kawg circumstance sau muaj me ntsis hais tias. Tab sis ntseeg kuv, nws yog ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb. Muaj dab tsi nws yuav muab piv? Tej zaum yog li ntawd, raws li yog hais tias tus lub xeev pib xyaum ua actor muab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws yog poj ua si Hamlet nyob rau hauv lub capital.

Polytechnic Institute

Nws txiv (tus tub duplicated nws lub npe) yog ib tug kawm ntawv tus txiv neej, nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug electronics engineer nyob rau hauv ib tug coj mus muag lub tuam txhab. Niam Txiv tom qab lub pov thawj ntawm Fermat Lub Xeem Theorem yog cuab kev tias Dzhon Nesh, Jr. yuav ua ib tus paub txog.

Ib txhia ci ntsa iab kev tshawb fawb qhib wide lub qhov rooj ntawm ib tug txiv leej tub nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj prestigious Polytechnic Institute, Carnegie, qhov twg ib tug tub hluas ua ntej xaiv Science News for KIDS, ces lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab thaum kawg tsim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub siab xav mus ua ib tug mathematician. Nws tau txais diplomas, bachelor lub thiab tus tswv lub degrees, raws li tus tshwj xeeb "Theoretical thiab Applied Mathematics".

Yuav kom kawm tau li cas los ua tsaug rau nws lub koom haum xib fwb qhia ntawv, hais tias ib tug kev pom zoo muab los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv Richard Duffin rau kev nkag mus Princeton University. Ntawm no yog cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab verbatim: "Qhov no txiv leej tub - ib tug ntse heev!"

Princeton University

Thiab tsis tau tsaug tsis pom zoo, thiab brilliantly dhau xeem nws nkag mus hauv lub University of Dzhon Nesh. Biography ntawm nws thaum tsim lub tswv yim hais tias nws yeej destiny coj. Yuav ua li cas nws manifested?

Nws li cas nws ho tsis paub tias yog tsuas cuaj xyoo ua ntej lub lem, thaum lub kev chim rau peb caug xyoo yuav kaw nws tsaus ntuj nti shroud ntawm paranoid schizophrenia los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraum, nws crosses tawm ntawm cov haiv neeg, txav cov tsev neeg, xa cov hauj lwm thiab cov tsev.

Cov tub ntxhais hluas cia li tsis paub yuav ua li cas thiab tsis paub tias qhov twg lub zoo kab uas cais ntse heev thiab chim. Nws enthusiastically greeted qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov tshiab kev kawm ntawm cov kev ua si hauv kev tshawb xav, lub brainchild ntawm economists Morgenstern thiab John von Neumann, thiab tam sim ntawd coj mus rau ntawm headlong kev tawm tswv yim. Nees nkaum xyoo cov ntse heev yog tau ntawm nws tus kheej tsim yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua si hauv kev tshawb xav, thiab nyob rau ntawm 21 xyoo nws tau ua tiav ua hauj lwm rau lub sib nug xov doctoral thesis.

Qhov twg cov tub ntxhais kws kho mob yog yuav luag science paub hais tias tom qab 45 xyoo lub hom phiaj ntawm Dzhona Nesha Nobel nqi zog yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam? Lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tau yuav luag ib nrab xyoo los twb paub lawm hais tias nws yog ib tug txhob!

ua hauj lwm

Heev thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1950-1953., Thaum 22-25-xyoo-laus tus paub txog pib ib lub sij hawm uas muaj tswv yim kom loj hlob. Nws sau tau ob peb yam tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua kev tshawb xav ntawm kev ua si nrog ib tug nonzero sum. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Nco ntsoov koj yuav nrhiav tau tom qab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Dzhon Nesh - lub mathematician nto moo thiab vam meej. Nws qhov chaw ua hauj lwm yog heev prestigious Massachusetts lub koom haum of Technology, nyob rau hauv Cambridge. Tom qab ntawd nws luag hmoov: cov kev sib cuag nrog lub RAND Corporation propentagonovskoy. Nws noj dab tsi unlimited nyiaj ntawm tus mob khaub thuas ua tsov ua rog, ua ib tug ntawm cov uas lub American kws txawj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev txiav txim.

Yuav ua li cas yog kev ua si kev tshawb xav

Pab mus rau kev ua si hauv kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv kev kawm kev cai ntawm haiv neeg yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Yuav ua li cas yog ib haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm macroeconomics? Tus sis ntawm lub ntau players. Piv txwv li, lub sau ua ib pawg ua lag ua luam, tsoom fwv, cov tsev neeg. Txawm nyob rau ntawm no macro theem, nws yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias txhua tus ntawm lawv caum nws lub tswv yim.

Ua lag ua luam uas xav mus overstate lawv profits (utesnyaya tsev neeg) thiab kom txo tau se (underpaying State).

State ib qho kev zoo rau inflate se (suppressing lub me me thiab medium ua lag ua luam) thiab qib qis ntawm kev tiv thaiv (stripping kev pab txhawb nqa lam tau lam ua feem ntawm cov haiv neeg).

Tsev neeg xis inflated kev pab los ntawm lub xeev thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam los ntawm cov lag luam.

Yuav ua li cas yuav tau txais cov os dej dawb, Cancer thiab Pike ua ke thiab dynamically luag ib lub tawb nqa khoom, lub npe ntawm uas - lub tuam txhab? Nws nyiaj thiab lub sij ua si ziag no.

Lub brainchild ntawm Dzhona Nesha - qhov teeb meem uas tsis-xoom sum

Qhov saum toj no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov teeb meem nyob qhov twg lub nce ntawm ib tug neeg sab nrauv yog poob rau lwm, hu ua qhov teeb meem ib tug pes tsawg-sum. Nws paub yuav ua li cas suav thiab Morgenstern thiab von Neumann. Txawm li cas los, rov qab hais tias rau cov hoob kawm no ntawm cov teeb meem tau tsim cuab yeej thiab conceptual apparatus ntawm Dzhon Nesh.

Tab sis ci ntsa iab mathematician rau cov qauv no yog tsis nres, nws tau muaj pov thawj ntau me kev pab raws qib ntawm ib chav kawm ntawv (zero-sum). Piv txwv li, tej teeb meem kev tswj thiab luam koom haum, yuav ua rau xav tau tsa cov nyiaj hli.

Escalate qhov teeb meem no los ntawm ib tug ntev strike, ob tog yuav raug kev txom nyem losses. Thaum siv raws li tus luam koom haum thiab cov thawj coj, tus zoo tagnrho cov zoo, thiab cov neeg thiab lwm tus neeg yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub yeej. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no yog hu ua tsis yog-koom tes equilibrium los yog Nash equilibrium. (Qhov no tsi muaj teeb meem yog diplomatic teeb meem, luam kev tsov kev rog.)

Niaj hnub no tus sib tw haiv neeg qha ib tug tiag tiag infinite ntau yam ntawm cov kev sib tshuam ntawm txawv lam. Thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv amenable mus zauv tsom xam raws li ib qho teeb meem nrog ib tug uas tsis yog-xoom sum.

Tej lub neej

Kom txog rau thaum lub caij 50 lub neej yav tom ntej Nobel nqi zog khiav Dzhon Nesh climbed cov kev kawm ntaiv, thiab, yog li mus hais lus, dhia peb cov kauj ruam. Lub ntsiab tswv yim twb tsis yog cov neeg rau nws. Coldly thiab lam ua nws kho hlub nws colleague ntawm MIT Eleanor Stier. Tsis kov nws thiab hais tias nws yug nws tus me nyuam. Nws tsuas tsis lees paub nws yog leej txiv. Incidentally, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm pab neeg no cov lug txhawb cov miv Nash twb tsis muaj phooj ywg. Nws yog eccentric thiab coj txawv txawv, nyob nyob rau hauv ib lub ntiaj teb yees los ntawm cov tib cov qauv yog. Tag nrho nws cov xim twb rau rau siab ua ib yam - tsim qhov zoo tagnrho lub tswv yim.

Needless hais, flourished ua Technologist ntawm tus mob khaub thuas ua tsov ua rog, peb caug Dzhon Nesh. Duab nws nyob rau hauv xyoo no yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau hauv daim duab ntawm tus actor leej twg ua si nws Rassela Krou. Brunette nrog ib tug ntse lub ntsej muag thiab ib tug txawj xav saib. Fortune Magazine kwv yees nws lub yeeb koob thiab lub koob meej. Nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1957, nws yuav tau Alicia lard, lawv muaj ob xyoo manifested tub Martin. Txawm li cas los, qhov no mas yuav tsum tau lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes ntawm takeoff hauj lwm thiab koj tus kheej noj qab nyob zoo John pib qhia cov tsos mob ntawm paranoid schizophrenia.

kab mob

Tom ntej no mus Dzhona Nesha pib ib tug npau suav phem: ib tug nruj heev insulin kho nyob rau hauv Trenton State tsev kho mob, rho tawm, kev sib nrauj tom qab peb xyoos ntawm kev mob nkeeg nrog xav ua kom tau Alicia lard, taug ib ncig ntawm lub vwm tsev.

Nyob rau hauv lub 60 lub nws xav zoo dua, thiab Eleanor Stier muab lub tsis muaj tsev nyob lub ru tsev saum lawv lub taub hau paub txog, nws siv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv kev sib tham nrog nws tus thawj tub. Nash xav tias nws twb recovering, thiab nws nres noj antipsychotic tshuaj. Tus kab mob rov qab.

Ces, nyob rau hauv lub '70s, nws muab chaw nyob Alicia lard. Lug txhawb cov miv muab nws ib txoj hauj lwm.

Txoj kev mus rau rov qab

Thaum no tig, nws pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug illusory, deformed schizophrenia thiab paranoid ntiaj teb no, thiab tau pib sib ntaus sib tua nrog tus kab mob no. Tab sis nws tsis yog ib tug kws kho mob thiab ib tus paub txog. Yog li ntawd, nws txhais tes los ua tsis kho hom kev kawm, thiab tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej cov kev ua si ziag. Ncav li qhia siv kuj tiv thaiv lub paranoia Dzhon Nesh. Movie nrog Russell Crowe nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm cov ntse heev yog pom. Nws tiv thaiv nrog tus kab mob no nyob ib ncig ntawm lub moos, tsis muaj dabtsi, raws li tus nrog sib ntaus rau qhov kev ua si ua ntej ntawm cov teg num yuav txo nws txoj kev txawj cov ntau yam ntawm tus cwj nrag, tsis thawj kauj ruam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws lub neej ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv nws yeej lub ntse heev kev chim: nws tau tiav qhov tsis minimization ntawm ib tug incurable kab mob.

Thaum kawg, qhov ntev-awaited kev txiav txim tau tso cia nyob rau hauv 1990 los ntawm cov kws kho mob: Dzhon Nesh zoo tu qab tso. Peb yuav tsum them tribute mus rau lub scientific ntiaj teb no ntawm lub tebchaws United States, cov ntse heev yog tsis nco qab tom qab tag nrho cov ntau tshaj li tsib caug xyoo, lawv siv cov cuab yeej tsim los ntawm Nash. Nyob rau hauv 1994, nws yeej lub Nobel nqi zog (rau nws undergraduate thesis, sau raws li cov hnub nyoog ntawm 21!). Nyob rau hauv 2001, Nash ib zaug dua khi lub pob cyuam nrog Alicia lard. Niaj hnub no, tus naas ej tus paub txog ntxiv nws kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws Princeton chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws yog xav nyob rau hauv nonlinear zoo ntawm kev siv computers.

xaus

Qhov no American ntse heev - ib tug kuj ceeb tias tag nrho tus neeg, tag nrho nws cov neej - lub pov thawj ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm kev ua si. Nws lub neej tuaj ua ke thiab triumph, kev hlub thiab kev chim, thiab lub yeej ntawm kev txawj ntse tshaj paranoia. Rau lub tsom xam ntawm lub surrounding kev muaj tiag Dzhon Nesh yeej ib txwm nyiam nws tsim nws tus kheej li kev seev.

Cov ntse heev paub txog kom meej meej heev yuav tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov kab lus Umberto Eco (tshiab "Foucault lub Pendulum"), uas ib tug ntse heev yog yeej ib txwm ua si nyob rau hauv tib tivthaiv. Txawm li cas los, nws ua si - yog cim thiab txawv. Vim hais tias thaum nws plays rau nws, ces siv tag nrho cov lwm yam.